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Goose bumps
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== Anatomy and biology == Goose bumps are created when tiny muscles at the base of each hair, known as ''[[arrector pili muscle]]s'', contract and pull the hair straight up. The reflex is started by the [[sympathetic nervous system]], which is responsible for many [[fight-or-flight response]]s. The muscle cells connected to the hair follicle have been visualized by actin immunofluorescence.<ref name="2017-Hanukoglu-2">{{cite journal|vauthors=Hanukoglu I, Boggula VR, Vaknine H, Sharma S, Kleyman T, Hanukoglu A|date=January 2017|title=Expression of epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) and CFTR in the human epidermis and epidermal appendages|url=https://zenodo.org/record/890756|journal=Histochemistry and Cell Biology|volume=147|issue=6|pages=733β748|doi=10.1007/s00418-016-1535-3|pmid=28130590|s2cid=8504408}}</ref> '''<big>Arrector pili muscle</big>''' Arrector pili muscles (APM) are smooth muscles which connect the basement membrane to the hair follicle. When these muscles contract, they increase the trapping of air on the surface of the skin and in turn, causes [[thermoregulation]] to the body. It used to be believed that each APM was connected to an individual [[hair follicle]]. More recent studies have disproved this and now explain that there can be multiple hair follicles connected to a single APM. In between the hair follicle and the APM there are lobules which form an angular shape. These lobules are [[Sebaceous gland|sebaceous gland lobules]] which are supported by the APM.<ref>Torkamani, N., Rufaut, N., Jones, L., & Sinclair, R. (2014). Beyond goosebumps: Does the arrector pili muscle have a role in hair loss? ''International Journal of Trichology, 6''(3), 88β94. {{doi|10.4103/0974-7753.139077}}</ref>[[File:PilioerectionAnimation.gif|thumb|1) [[Epidermis]] 2) [[Arrector pili muscle]] 3) [[Hair follicle]] 4) [[Dermis]] The diagram shows that the arrector pili muscle is connected to the hair follicle and the epidermis resulting in the erection of the hair during muscle contraction causing goose bumps.]] <big>'''Hair follicle'''</big> Hair follicles have four parts. There is the bulb, supra bulbar area, isthmus and infundibulum. The bulb is to be known as the part that is responsible for the growth of the rest of the hair follicle.<ref>Torkamani, N., Rufaut, N., Jones, L., & Sinclair, R. (2014). Beyond goosebumps: Does the arrector pili muscle have a role in hair loss? ''International Journal of Trichology, 6''(3), 88β94. {{doi|10.4103/0974-7753.139077}}</ref> === As a response to cold === In animals covered with fur or hair, the erect hairs trap air to create a layer of [[thermal insulation|insulation]]. Goose bumps can also be a response to anger or fear: the erect hairs make the animal appear larger, in order to intimidate enemies. This can be observed in the intimidation displays of chimpanzees,<ref>Martin Muller and John Mitan. [http://people.bu.edu/mnmuller/Pdfs/Muller&Mitani_2005.pdf Conflict and Cooperation in Wild Chimpanzees.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060908032501/http://people.bu.edu/mnmuller/Pdfs/Muller%26Mitani_2005.pdf|date=2006-09-08}} ''Advances in the Study of Behavior'', vol. 35</ref> some [[New World monkey]]s like the [[cotton-top tamarin]],<ref name="Agg5">French and Snowdon. [[Sexual dimorphism]] in responses to unfamiliar intruders in the tamarin, '' Saguinus oedipus''. [[Animal Behaviour (journal)|Animal Behaviour]] (1981) vol. 29 (3) pp. 822β829</ref> in stressed mice<ref>{{cite journal|author=Masuda|display-authors=etal|date=Jul 1999|title=Developmental and pharmacological features of mouse emotional piloerection|journal=Experimental Animals|volume=48|issue=3|pages=209β211|doi=10.1538/expanim.48.209|pmid=10480027|doi-access=free}}</ref> and rats, and in frightened cats. === In humans === In humans, goose bumps can even extend to piloerection as a reaction to hearing nails scratch on a chalkboard, or feeling or remembering strong and positive emotions (e.g., after winning a sports event), or while watching a [[horror film]].<ref>{{citation|author=George A. Bubenik|title=Why do humans get goosebumps when they are cold, or under other circumstances?|date=September 1, 2003|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=why-do-humans-get-goosebu|periodical=Scientific American}}</ref>[[File:Goosebumps in cat.jpg|thumb|Goose bumps in a kitten, due to the [[Fear of falling|fear of falling]]]] Some people can deliberately evoke goose bumps in themselves without any external trigger. This is called "voluntarily generated piloerection." Further research is needed to discover more on such people. Goose bumps are accompanied by a specific physiological response pattern that is thought to indicate the emotional state of being moved.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Benedek, Kaernbach|year=2011|title=Physiological correlates and emotional specificity of human piloerection|journal=Biological Psychology|volume=86|issue=3|pages=320β329|doi=10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.12.012|pmc=3061318|pmid=21276827}}</ref> In humans, goose bumps occur everywhere on the body, including the legs, neck, and other areas of the skin that have hair. In some people, they even occur in the face or on the head. In humans, goose bumps tends to occur across the whole body, especially when elicited by thermal or emotional stimuli, and only locally when elicited via tactile stimuli.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=McPhetres |first=Jonathon |date=2024-08-15 |title=Diverse stimuli induce piloerection and yield varied autonomic responses in humans |url=https://journals.biologists.com/bio/article/13/8/bio060205/361490/Diverse-stimuli-induce-piloerection-and-yield |journal=Biology Open |language=en |volume=13 |issue=8 |doi=10.1242/bio.060205 |pmid=38989667 |pmc=11391818 |issn=2046-6390}}</ref> Piloerection is also a classic symptom of some diseases, such as [[temporal lobe epilepsy]], some [[brain tumor]]s, and [[autonomic hyperreflexia]]. Goose bumps can also be caused by withdrawal from [[opiate]]s such as [[heroin]]. A skin condition that mimics goose bumps in appearance is [[keratosis pilaris]].
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