Editing Graeme Obree (section)

==Biography==

===Origins===
Obree was born in [[Nuneaton]], a large town in northern [[Warwickshire]], England<!-- parents? -->, but has lived almost all his life in [[Scotland]] and considers himself Scottish.

He attempted suicide in his teens by gassing himself. He was saved by his father, who had returned early from work.<ref name="Tel2007" />

An [[individual time trial]]list, his first race was a 10-mile time trial to which he turned up wearing shorts, anorak and [[Doc Marten]] boots.<ref name="PCi">{{cite news |title=undated cutting |publisher=PCi |location=UK}}</ref> He thought the start and finish were at the same place and stopped where he had started, 100 metres short of the end. He had started to change his clothes when officials told him to continue. He still finished in "about 30 minutes."<ref name="PCi" />

The bike shop that he ran failed and he decided the way out of his problems was to attack the world hour [[velodrome]] record.<ref name="Tel2007" /> It had been held for nine years by [[Francesco Moser]], at 51.151 kilometres. Obree said:

:The record had fascinated me since Moser broke it. It was the ultimate test – no traffic,<ref group="n">The [[slipstream]] from passing traffic can increase the speed of time-triallists on busy roads</ref> one man in a velodrome against the clock. I didn't tell myself that I will ''attempt'' the record, I said I would ''break'' it. When your back is against the wall, you can say it's bad or you can say: 'I'll go for it.' I decided, that's it, I've as good as broken the record.<ref name="Tel2007" />

===Old Faithful ===
Obree had built frames for his bike shop and made another for his record attempt. Instead of traditional [[Bicycle handlebar#Drop|dropped handlebars]] it had straight bars like those of a mountain bike. He placed them closer to the [[Bicycle saddle|saddle]] than usual and rode with the bars under his chest, his elbows bent and tucked into his sides like those of a skier. Watching a [[washing machine]] spin at 1,200rpm led him to take the bearings, which he assumed must be of superior quality, and fit them to his bike.<ref name="Tel2007" /><ref name="VeloOct93">{{cite news| title=Article title unknown| publisher=Vélo| location=France|date=October 1993}}</ref><ref name="BikebizJan02">{{cite web| url=https://www.bikebiz.com/graeme-obree-rescued-in-hanging-attempt/ | title=Graeme Obree rescued in hanging attempt| publisher=Bikebiz| date=9 January 2002 |access-date=March 19, 2021}}</ref><ref>Cycling Weekly, 29 March 1997</ref> Obree later regretted admitting to the bearings experiment, because journalists referred to that before his achievements and other innovations.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/sportscotland/asportingnation/article/0037/index.shtml |title=Graeme Obree: Homegrown Hero |website=BBC |access-date=May 4, 2021}}</ref>

Obree called his bike "Old Faithful". It has a narrow [[bottom bracket]], around which the [[Crankset|cranks]] revolve, to bring his legs closer together (giving a smaller [[Q factor (bicycles)|Q factor]]), as he thought this is the "natural" position. As shown in the film, he thought a [[Q Factor (Bicycles)|tread]] of "one banana" would be ideal. The bike has no [[top tube]], so that his knees did not hit the frame. The [[Chainstay#Chain stays|chainstays]] are not parallel to the ground. Thus the cranks can pass with a narrow bottom bracket. The [[Bicycle fork|fork]] had only one blade, carefully shaped to be as narrow as possible. A French writer who tried it said the narrow handlebars made it hard to accelerate the machine in a straight line but, once it was at speed, he could hold the bars and get into Obree's tucked style.

:''At a high enough speed, [I could] tuck in my arms. And, above all, get in a very forward position on the bike, on the peak of the saddle. The Obree position isn't advantageous simply aerodynamically, it also allows, by pushing the point of pedalling towards the rear, to benefit from greater pressure while remaining in the saddle. You soon get an impression of speed, all the greater because you've got practically nothing [''deux fois rien''] between your hands. Two other things I noticed after a few hundred metres: I certainly didn't have the impression of turning 53 × 13, and the Obree position is no obstruction to breathing. But I wasn't pedalling at 55&nbsp;km/h, 100 turns of the pedals a minute, yet my arms already hurt.''<ref name="VeloOct93" />

=== Taking the record ===
Obree attacked Moser's record, on 16 July 1993, at the [[Vikingskipet]] [[velodrome]] in Norway.<ref group="n">The track, 250m round, was built of Siberian pine in three and a half weeks to convert the indoor speed skating arena to a velodrome for the cycling world championships, and was removed shortly afterwards.</ref> He failed by nearly a kilometre.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://cyclinginfo.co.uk/cyclists/british/graeme-obree/| title=Graeme Obree| publisher=Cycling Info| date=17 June 2008}}</ref> He had booked the track for 24 hours and decided to come back the next day.<ref name="Tel2007" /><ref name=Grdn>{{cite news|last1=Clemitson|first1=Suze|title=Why Jens Voigt and a new group of cyclists want to break the Hour record|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/100-tours-100-tales/2014/sep/19/why-jens-voigt-and-a-new-group-of-cyclists-want-to-break-the-hour-record|access-date=19 September 2014|newspaper=The Guardian|date=19 September 2014}}</ref> The writer Nicholas Roe said:

:To stop his aching body seizing up, Obree then took the unusual measure of drinking pint upon pint of water so that he had to wake up to go to the lavatory every couple of hours through the night. Each time he got up, he stretched his muscles. On the next weary day, he was up and out within minutes, at the deserted velodrome by 7:55 am and on the track ready to start just five minutes after that. He had barely slept. He had punished his body hugely the previous day. Surely this was a waste of time?<ref name="Tel2007" />

Obree said:

:I was [[Butch Cassidy]] in terms of swagger. I didn't want any negativity. This was [[blitzkrieg]]. I'm going in there. Let me do it. I'm not going to be the timorous guy from Scotland. That's what the difference was. Purely mental state. The day before, I had been a mouse. Now I was a lion.<ref name="Tel2007" />

On 17 July 1993, Obree set a new record of 51.596&nbsp;kilometres, beating Moser's record of 51.151&nbsp;kilometres by 445 metres.<ref name="Indy06">{{cite news |last=Campbell |first=Alastair |date=September 22, 2011 |title=Graeme Obree: 'I was driven by fear' |newspaper=The Independent |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/graeme-obree-i-was-driven-by-fear-411453.html |access-date=March 19, 2021}}</ref>

===Losing the record===
Obree's triumph lasted less than a week. On 23 July 1993, the British Olympic champion, [[Chris Boardman]] broke Obree's record by 674 metres, riding 52.270&nbsp;km at [[Bordeaux]]. His bike had a carbon monocoque frame, carbon wheels, and a [[Triathlon bars#Triathlon or aero bars|triathlon handlebar]]. Their rivalry grew: a few months later Obree knocked Boardman out of the world championship pursuit to take the title himself.<ref>Cycling Weekly, 23 September 1995, p22</ref>

===Regaining the record===
Francesco Moser, whose record Obree had beaten, adopted Obree's riding position—adding a chest pad—and established not an outright world record but a veterans' record of 51.84&nbsp;kilometres.{{clarify|date=June 2016}} He did it on 15 January 1994, riding in the thin air of [[Mexico City]] as he had for his outright record, whereas Obree and Boardman had ridden at close to sea level.

Obree retook the record on 27 April 1994, using the track that Boardman had used at Bordeaux. He had bolted his shoes to his pedals, to avoid what had happened in the final of the national pursuit championship, when he pulled his foot off the pedal during his starting effort.<ref group="n">Bolting shoes to the pedals was pioneered by the Australian sprinter John Nicholson at the world championship in Leicester in 1970. Riders today use cleats on the soles of their shoes, which combined with specially designed pedals, make the accidental separation of the shoe from the pedal highly unlikely when the tension is properly adjusted.</ref>

He rode 52.713&nbsp;kilometres, a distance beaten on 2 September 1994 by the Spanish Tour de France winner, [[Miguel Induráin]].

===Old Faithful banned===
The world governing body, the [[Union Cycliste Internationale]], grew concerned that changes to bicycles were making a disproportionate influence to track records. Among other measures, it banned his riding position: he did not find out until one hour before he began the world championship pursuit in Italy.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/cycling-no-daylight-for-obree-as-riding-position-falls-foul-of-rules-cyclings-world-pursuit-champion-has-ridden-into-trouble-again-robin-nichol-reports-from-palermo-1376851.html |title=No daylight for Obree as riding position falls foul of rules: Cycling's world pursuit champion has ridden into trouble again |website=The Independent |last=Nicholl |first=Robin |date=August 15, 1994 |access-date=May 4, 2021}}</ref> Judges disqualified him when he refused to comply.<ref name="CW19Aug95">{{cite magazine| title=Article title unknown| magazine=Cycling Weekly| location=UK| date=19 August 1995| pages=26}}</ref> The magazine ''[[Cycling Weekly]]'' blamed "petty-minded officialdom."<ref name="CW23Sep95p20">{{cite magazine| title=Article title unknown| magazine=Cycling Weekly| location=UK| date=23 September 1995| pages=20}}</ref>

Obree developed another riding position, the "Superman" style, his arms fully extended in front, and he won the individual pursuit at the [[UCI Track Cycling World Championships|world championships]] with this and Old Faithful in 1995.<ref name="CW23Sep95p20" /> That position was also banned.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/obrees-riding-position-banned-1357714.html |title=Obree's riding position banned |last=Nicholl |first=Robin |date=October 9, 1996 |website=The Independent |access-date=May 4, 2021}}</ref> However, in May 2014 the UCI relented, acknowledging that fixing the kind of equipment to be used was hindering technical progress. It restored previous banned world records, from 2000, now to be described as "Best hour performance".

The original ''Old Faithful'' bike is on display at the [[National Museum of Scotland]] in Edinburgh, while two near-replicas built for use in the ''Flying Scotsman'' film are displayed in the [[Riverside Transport Museum]] in Glasgow.<ref name=DRecord>{{cite web|last=McIver|first=Brian|title=Scots cycling legend Graeme Obree & stuntman Danny MacAskill race into Riverside Museum ahead of opening|url=http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/uk-world-news/scots-cycling-legend-graeme-obree-1104360|work=Daily Record, 31 May 2011|date=30 May 2011|access-date=5 September 2012}}</ref>

In March 2018, Obree tested another replica of ''Old Faithful'' in the [[Mercedes-Benz in Formula One|Mercedes-Benz F1 team]]'s [[wind tunnel]] to gauge the [[aerodynamic]] efficiency of his various riding positions on the bike, having never previously participated in wind-tunnel testing. It was found that the {{Cd}} ([[drag coefficient]]) of Obree's initial "tuck" or "crouch" position was 0.17, compared to a conventional 1990s bike position of 0.20 and a modern conventional position of 0.188, leading to an estimated gain in speed of about 2-2.5&nbsp;km/h over his rivals in the 1990s and a gain of 1.5&nbsp;km/h over contemporary track cyclists: meanwhile the "Superman" position was found only to be marginally more efficient than the 1990s conventional position, and less efficient than the modern conventional position. Obree however noted that the discomfort of the "crouch" position takes a lot of energy out of the rider through holding the hands and shoulders in place, whilst the "Superman" position was much more manageable.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cyclingweekly.com/news/latest-news/graeme-obree-old-faithful-bike-put-test-wind-tunnel-heres-373769|title=Graeme Obree and his Old Faithful bike put to the test in a wind tunnel: Here's how they did |last=Hutchinson |first=Michael Hutchinson|author-link=Michael Hutchinson (cyclist) |date=21 March 2018 |website=[[Cycling Weekly]]|access-date=26 December 2018}}</ref>

===Other achievements===
Obree was [[individual pursuit]] world champion in 1993 and 1995. He broke the British 10-mile [[individual time trial]] record in 1993, won the [[Cycling Time Trials|RTTC]] 50-mile championship the same year (a record 1h 39m 1s), and won the 25-mile championship in 1996. In 1997 he joined forces with coach Joe Beer and clocked 18m 36s in a 10-mile time trial (V718 Hull) and next day won the [[British Cycling Federation]] 25-mile championship - this was part of building towards an hour record attempt that was eventually shelved.

The writer Peter Bryan, of ''[[The Times]]'', said:

<blockquote>''To see Obree in full flight, shoulders hunched and elbows tucked into his ribs, is a memorable sight. His face contorted with pain illustrates the effort he is putting in. And yet, not too many minutes after he has finished a ride the champion is sufficiently relaxed to talk with a queue of pressmen.''<ref name="PCi" /></blockquote>

===Professional career===
Obree rode his hour records as an amateur. He took a professional licence after winning his first world championship, telling Bryan: "I reckon I can make more money on the bike than I get from unemployment benefit."<ref name="PCi" />

He joined [[Le Groupement (cycling team)|Le Groupement]], a French team but did not attend a meeting in [[Les Carroz d'Arâches]] ([[:fr:Les Carroz d'Arâches|fr]])<ref name="CW19Aug95" /> and was fired for "lack of professionalism."<ref name="CWsacked">{{cite magazine| title=Obree sacked by French team| magazine=Cycling Weekly| location=UK|date=January 1995}}</ref> Obree had been racing in Florida when the team first met. But he was on holiday there when the team met again for publicity photographs. He got to the next get-together but flew to Paris instead of [[Lille]], where the meeting was held.<ref name="CWsacked" />

The team manager, Patrick Valcke, said:

:"If a rider has that attitude, it's best to stop working together as soon as possible. We paid for his tickets [to fly from [[Glasgow]] to [[Geneva]]] and he didn't even turn up, didn't even phone to explain why he was not coming. He said that he did not want to leave his family so soon after the death of his brother (''see below'') but he could have phoned to tell us that. I don't want any more to do with him."<ref name="CWsacked" />

Obree said: "I was too ill to attend the get-together and had no success when I attempted to contact team officials on 1 January. My wife, Anne, who is a nurse, insisted I was not well enough to travel to France."<ref name="CW19Aug95" /><ref name="CWsacked" />

The Le Groupement team fell apart after a short time, when the sponsoring company was involved in scandal, with accusations that it was nothing but a pyramid selling scheme. Some of the team members claimed that they were owed money, and their wages had not been paid.

===Attitude to doping===
Obree said of his short professional career:

:"I still feel I was robbed of part of my career. I was signed up to ride in the prologue of the Tour back in 1995, but it was made very obvious to me I would have to take drugs. I said no, no way, and I was sacked by my team. So there I was, 11 years later, sitting there waiting for the Tour cyclists to come by, and something welled up in me. I feel I was robbed by a lot of these bastards taking drugs. I also hate the way that people think anyone who has ever achieved anything on a bike must have been taking drugs. I was surprised how resentful I felt when I was in Paris. It had obviously been simmering away in there for years. That's something new I'll have to talk to my therapist about."<ref name="Indy06" />

In 1996, he told the magazine ''[[L'Équipe]]'':

:"In my opinion, 99 percent of riders at elite level take [[Erythropoietin|EPO]] or a similar drug, not particularly to dope themselves but to be at the same level as the others. And that's rather sad."<ref>L'Equipe Magazine, France 19 October 1996</ref><ref group="n">"A mon avis, 99% des coureurs de l'élite prennent aujourd'hui de l'EPO ou une drogue similaire. Pas forcément pour se doper, mais pour être au même niveau que les autres. Et c'est plutôt navrant."</ref>

===New Hour record attempt===
In May 2009, Obree announced that he would make an attempt at the "Athlete's Hour" record on a bike he had built himself during 2009. Obree said in October 2009 that the attempt had been cancelled as the bike he'd built himself was not suitable for the conditions. He will not be attempting this again.<ref>{{cite web |author=Jeff Jones |date=21 May 2009 |title=Graeme Obree bidding for hour record again |url=http://www.bikeradar.com/news/article/graeme-obree-bidding-for-hour-record-again-21712 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090627063658/http://www.bikeradar.com/news/article/graeme-obree-bidding-for-hour-record-again-21712 |archive-date=27 June 2009 |access-date=22 May 2009 |publisher=Bike Radar}}</ref>

In December 2009, he was inducted into the [[British Cycling Hall of Fame]]<ref name="BChalloffame">{{cite web |date=17 December 2009 |title=50 Cycling Heroes Named in British Cycling's Hall of Fame |url=http://new.britishcycling.org.uk/sport/article/bc20091216-Hall-of-fame-fifty |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091220041110/http://new.britishcycling.org.uk/sport/article/bc20091216-Hall-of-fame-fifty |archive-date=20 December 2009 |publisher=British Cycling |df=dmy-all}}</ref> while in March 2010, he was inducted into the Scottish Sports Hall of Fame.

===Human-powered vehicle land speed record===

In December 2011, Obree announced that he would make an attempt at the human-powered vehicle (HPV) land speed record, hoping to hit 100&nbsp;mph.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 December 2011 |title=Scottish cyclist Graeme Obree targets new world record |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cycling/16231501.stm |publisher=BBC}}</ref> In May 2012, he revealed that the bike he is building for this attempt is a [[prone bicycle|prone bike]].<ref>{{cite news |author=Steve Smith |date=6 May 2012 |title=Flying Scotsman Graeme Obree uses old saucepan to build world record bid bike |newspaper=[[Daily Record (Scotland)|Scottish Daily Record]] |url=http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/editors-choice/2012/05/06/flying-scotsman-graeme-obree-uses-old-saucepan-to-build-world-record-bid-bike-86908-23849885/ |access-date=23 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Tejvan |date=8 May 2012 |title=Graeme Obree's World Speed Record |url=http://cyclinginfo.co.uk/blog/4636/cycling/graeme-obrees-world-speed-record/ |access-date=23 July 2012 |publisher=Cycling UK}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Reno Rambler |date=7 May 2012 |title=Graeme Obree in Battle Mountain? |url=http://reno-rambler.blogspot.com/2012/05/graeme-obree-in-battle-mountain.html |access-date=23 July 2012 |archive-date=29 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529042539/http://reno-rambler.blogspot.com/2012/05/graeme-obree-in-battle-mountain.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Peter Walker |date=25 June 2013 |title=Flying Scotsman Graeme Obree returns with beastly bid at another world record |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2013/jun/25/flying-scotsman-graeme-obree-cycling-beastie |access-date=29 June 2013 |work=The Guardian}}</ref>
The attempt was originally to take place in Britain, and the record speed was then {{convert|82.8|mph|km/h}}. However, he competed in the 2013 World Human Powered Speed Championships in [[Battle Mountain, Nevada]], where the record was also set. He achieved a speed of {{convert|56.62|mph|km/h}} on the morning of Friday, 13 September.<ref>
{{Cite web |title=WHPSC 2013 200 Meter Results |url=http://www.wisil.recumbents.com/wisil/whpsc2013/results.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024080830/http://www.wisil.recumbents.com/wisil/whpsc2013/results.htm |archive-date=24 October 2013 |access-date=20 January 2014 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

While Obree did not break the HPV land speed record, he did set a new record for a rider in the prone position.<ref>{{cite news |date=13 September 2013 |title=Graeme Obree sets prone cycling speed record |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-24088647 |access-date=28 April 2016}}</ref> The previous day, Obree had set a speed of {{convert|52.9|mph|km/h}}, which was a record speed in the prone position on a two-wheeled HPV (the overall prone record being held by a trike).<ref>{{cite news |last=Robson |first=Rick |date=12 September 2013 |title=Beastie Blog 5: Graeme Obree sets new prone position HPV world record |work=Cycling Weekly |url=http://www.cyclingweekly.co.uk/news/comment/beastie-blog-5-graeme-obree-sets-new-prone-position-hpv-world-record-25573 |access-date=28 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Ralston |first=Gary |date=13 September 2013 |title=Graeme Obree and The Beastie set a new world record at Battle Mountain |work=Daily Record |url=http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/graeme-obree-beastie-set-new-2271655#rtJPMMS67UYUXrqF.97 |access-date=28 April 2016}}</ref>

===Personal life ===
Obree's achievements on the bike, his personal life and battle with mental health have combined to make him one of cycling's most enigmatic and eccentric figures. The Scotsman claimed both the World Individual Pursuit title in 1993 and 1995 however is well known for his attempts at the World hour record.

In the 1990s he took an overdose of [[aspirin]] washed down by water from a puddle.<ref name="Tel2007" /><ref name="Indy06" /> He had personality problems,<ref name="Indy06" /> sniffed the gas he used to weld bicycles, and was being chased for £492 owed in college fees.<ref name="Tel2007" />  Obree's brother, Gordon,<!-- his only sibling? --> died in a car crash in October 1994,<ref name="BikebizJan02" /> and Obree again slid in and out of depression. In 2001 he was found unconscious at Bellsland Farm in [[Kilmaurs]], 12&nbsp;km from his Ayrshire home. The Obree family horse was stabled there and he was discovered by a woman checking a barn.<ref name="BikebizJan02" /> He had tried to hang himself.<ref name="Tel2007" />

Obree is divorced from his wife, with whom he has two children.<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Richard Tyler |date=2011-01-31 |title=Graeme Obree reveals he is gay |url=https://www.cyclingnews.com/news/graeme-obree-reveals-he-is-gay/ |access-date=2022-09-18 |website=cyclingnews.com |language=en}}</ref>

In January 2011, Obree disclosed in an interview with the ''[[Scottish Sun]]'' that he is gay and that his difficulty with coming to terms with his sexual orientation contributed to his earlier suicide attempts. "I was brought up by a war generation; they grew up when gay people were put in jail. Being homosexual was so unthinkable that you just wouldn't be gay. I'd no inkling about anything, I just closed down." He [[coming out|came out]] to his family in 2005.<ref name = gogay>{{cite web |url=https://www.cyclingnews.com/news/graeme-obree-reveals-he-is-gay/ |title=Graeme Obree Reveals He is Gay |last=Tyler |first=Richard |date=January 31, 2011 |website=Cycling News |access-date=March 19, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |agency=Press Association |date=2011-01-31 |title=Former world champion Graeme Obree reveals battle with sexuality |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2011/jan/31/graeme-obree-cycling-sexuality-battle |access-date=2023-08-23 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Obree suffers from [[bipolar disorder]].<ref name="BBC1999">{{cite web |author=Gordon Cairns |date=9 June 1999 |title=Graeme Obree: Homegrown Hero |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/sportscotland/asportingnation/article/0037/page03.shtml |publisher=BBC}}</ref>

He continues to race occasionally in individual time trials for [[Ayrshire]]-based Fullarton Wheelers [[cycling club]]. In May 2005, he crashed in the rain in the national 10-mile time trial championship near [[Nantwich]] in Cheshire. He was a member of the winning three-man club squad that took the team title in the Scottish 10-mile championship in May 2006.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bikeradar.com/features/interview-legendary-scottish-cyclist-graeme-obree/ |title=Interview: Legendary Scottish cyclist Graeme Obree |last=Spedding |first=Rob |date=July 5, 2009 |website=Bike Radar |access-date=July 10, 2021}}</ref> In December 2006, he competed in the track event, Revolution 15, in a four kilometre pursuit challenge.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://roadcyclinguk.com/tech/tech-features/revolution-15-report.html |title=Revolution 15 Report |publisher=Road Cycling UK |date=12 December 2006 |access-date=May 4, 2021}}</ref>