Editing Graphics processing unit (section)

== History ==
{{See also|Video display controller|List of home computers by video hardware|Sprite (computer graphics)}}

=== 1970s ===
[[Arcade system board]]s have used specialized graphics circuits since the 1970s. In early video game hardware, [[Random-access memory|RAM]] for frame buffers was expensive, so video chips composited data together as the display was being scanned out on the monitor.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Hague|first1=James|title=Why Do Dedicated Game Consoles Exist?|url=https://prog21.dadgum.com/181.html|website=Programming in the 21st Century|date=September 10, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504042057/https://prog21.dadgum.com/181.html|archive-date=May 4, 2015|access-date=November 11, 2015}}</ref>

A specialized [[barrel shifter]] circuit helped the CPU animate the [[framebuffer]] graphics for various 1970s [[arcade video game]]s from [[Midway Games|Midway]] and [[Taito]], such as ''[[Gun Fight]]'' (1975), ''[[Sea Wolf (video game)|Sea Wolf]]'' (1976), and ''[[Space Invaders]]'' (1978).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://github.com/mamedev/mame/tree/master/src/mame/drivers/8080bw.c |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141121125813/https://github.com/mamedev/mame/tree/master/src/mame/drivers/8080bw.c |url-status=dead |archive-date=2014-11-21 |title=mame/8080bw.c at master 路 mamedev/mame 路 GitHub |work=GitHub }}
* {{cite web|url=https://github.com/mamedev/mame/tree/master/src/mame/drivers/mw8080bw.c|archive-url=https://archive.today/20141121125812/https://github.com/mamedev/mame/tree/master/src/mame/drivers/mw8080bw.c|url-status=dead|archive-date=2014-11-21|title=mame/mw8080bw.c at master 路 mamedev/mame 路 GitHub|work=GitHub}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.computerarcheology.com/wiki/wiki/Arcade/SpaceInvaders|title=Arcade/SpaceInvaders – Computer Archeology|work=computerarcheology.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913080838/https://www.computerarcheology.com/wiki/wiki/Arcade/SpaceInvaders|archive-date=2014-09-13}}</ref> The [[Namco Galaxian]] arcade system in 1979 used specialized [[graphics hardware]] that supported [[RGB color model|RGB color]], multi-colored sprites, and [[Tile engine|tilemap]] backgrounds.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://github.com/mamedev/mame/tree/master/src/mame/video/galaxian.c|archive-url=https://archive.today/20141121114447/https://github.com/mamedev/mame/tree/master/src/mame/video/galaxian.c|url-status=dead|archive-date=2014-11-21|title=mame/galaxian.c at master 路 mamedev/mame 路 GitHub|work=GitHub}}</ref> The Galaxian hardware was widely used during the [[golden age of arcade video games]], by game companies such as [[Namco]], [[Centuri]], [[Gremlin Industries|Gremlin]], [[Irem]], [[Konami]], Midway, [[Nichibutsu]], [[Sega]], and Taito.<ref>{{cite web |title=mame/galaxian.c at master 路 mamedev/mame 路 GitHub |url=https://github.com/mamedev/mame/tree/master/src/mame/drivers/galaxian.c |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141121114529/https://github.com/mamedev/mame/tree/master/src/mame/drivers/galaxian.c |archive-date=2014-11-21 |work=GitHub}}

* {{cite web |title=MAME – src/mame/drivers/galdrvr.c |url=https://mamedev.org/source/src/mame/drivers/galdrvr.c.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103070737/https://mamedev.org/source/src/mame/drivers/galdrvr.c.html |archive-date=3 January 2014 }}</ref>

[[File:ANTIC chip on an Atari 130XE motherboard.jpg|thumb|Atari [[ANTIC]] microprocessor on an Atari 130XE motherboard]]
The [[Atari 2600]] in 1977 used a video shifter called the [[Television Interface Adaptor]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Springmann|first1=Alessondra|title=Atari 2600 Teardown: What?s Inside Your Old Console?|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/09/01/AR2010090103543.html|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=July 14, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714082924/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/09/01/AR2010090103543.html|archive-date=July 14, 2015}}</ref> [[Atari 8-bit computers]] (1979) had [[ANTIC]], a video processor which interpreted instructions describing a "[[display list]]"—the way the scan lines map to specific [[bitmapped]] or character modes and where the memory is stored (so there did not need to be a contiguous frame buffer).{{clarify|date=April 2023}}<ref>{{cite web|title=What are the 6502, ANTIC, CTIA/GTIA, POKEY, and FREDDIE chips?|url=https://www.atari8.com/node/31|website=Atari8.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305010645/https://www.atari8.com/node/31|archive-date=2016-03-05}}</ref> [[6502]] [[machine code]] [[subroutine]]s could be triggered on [[scan line]]s by setting a bit on a display list instruction.{{clarify|reason=passive voice is part of what makes this sentence hard to understand|date=April 2023}}<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Wiegers|first1=Karl E.|title=Atari Display List Interrupts|journal=Compute!|date=April 1984|issue=47|page=161|url=https://www.atarimagazines.com/compute/issue47/153_1_Atari_Display_List_Interrupts.php|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304035625/https://www.atarimagazines.com/compute/issue47/153_1_Atari_Display_List_Interrupts.php|archive-date=2016-03-04}}</ref> ANTIC also supported smooth [[vertical scrolling|vertical]] and [[horizontal scrolling]] independent of the CPU.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Wiegers|first1=Karl E.|title=Atari Fine Scrolling|journal=Compute!|date=December 1985|issue=67|page=110|url=https://www.atarimagazines.com/compute/issue67/338_1_Atari_Fine_Scrolling.php|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060216181611/https://www.atarimagazines.com/compute/issue67/338_1_Atari_Fine_Scrolling.php|archive-date=2006-02-16}}</ref>

=== 1980s ===
[[File:NEC D7220.jpg|thumb|NEC [[μPD7220]]A]]

The [[NEC μPD7220]] was the first implementation of a [[personal computer]] graphics display processor as a single [[large-scale integration]] (LSI) [[integrated circuit]] chip. This enabled the design of low-cost, high-performance video graphics cards such as those from [[Number Nine Visual Technology]]. It became the best-known GPU until the mid-1980s.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2j4hTAqxJ_sC&pg=PA169 |title=Advances in Computer Graphics II |publisher=Springer |year=1986 |isbn=9783540169109 |editor1=Hopgood |editor-first=F. Robert A. |page=169 |quote=Perhaps the best known one is the NEC 7220. |editor2=Hubbold |editor-first2=Roger J. |editor3=Duce |editor-first3=David A.}}</ref> It was the first fully integrated [[VLSI]] (very large-scale integration) [[metal–oxide–semiconductor]] ([[NMOS logic|NMOS]]) graphics display processor for PCs, supported up to [[XGA|1024×1024 resolution]], and laid the foundations for the PC graphics market. It was used in a number of graphics cards and was licensed for clones such as the Intel 82720, the first of [[List of Intel graphics processing units|Intel's graphics processing units]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Marian |date=2018-07-18 |title=Famous Graphics Chips: NEC μPD7220 Graphics Display Controller |url=https://www.computer.org/publications/tech-news/chasing-pixels/famous-graphics-chips/ |access-date=2023-10-17 |website=IEEE Computer Society |language=en-US}}</ref> The Williams Electronics arcade games ''[[Robotron 2084]]'', ''[[Joust (video game)|Joust]]'', ''[[Sinistar]]'', and ''[[Bubbles (video game)|Bubbles]]'', all released in 1982, contain custom [[blitter]] chips for operating on 16-color bitmaps.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Riddle|first1=Sean|title=Blitter Information|url=https://seanriddle.com/blitter.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222155908/https://seanriddle.com/blitter.html|archive-date=2015-12-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Wolf |first1=Mark J. P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oK3D4i5ldKgC |title=Before the Crash: Early Video Game History |date=June 2012 |publisher=Wayne State University Press |isbn=978-0814337226 |page=185 |language=en-us}}</ref>

In 1984, [[Hitachi]] released the ARTC HD63484, the first major [[CMOS]] graphics processor for personal computers. The ARTC could display up to [[4K resolution]] when in [[monochrome]] mode. It was used in a number of graphics cards and terminals during the late 1980s.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Marian |date=2018-10-07 |title=GPU History: Hitachi ARTC HD63484 |url=https://www.computer.org/publications/tech-news/chasing-pixels/gpu-history-hitachi-artc-hd63484/ |access-date=2023-10-17 |website=IEEE Computer Society |language=en-US}}</ref> In 1985, the [[Amiga]] was released with a custom graphics chip including a [[blitter]] for bitmap manipulation, line drawing, and area fill. It also included a [[coprocessor]] with its own simple instruction set, that was capable of manipulating graphics hardware registers in sync with the video beam (e.g. for per-scanline palette switches, sprite multiplexing, and hardware windowing), or driving the blitter. In 1986, [[Texas Instruments]] released the [[TMS34010]], the first fully programmable graphics processor.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.computer.org/publications/tech-news/chasing-pixels/Famous-Graphics-Chips-IBMs-professional-graphics-the-PGC-and-8514A/Famous-Graphics-Chips-TI-TMS34010-and-VRAM |title = Famous Graphics Chips: TI TMS34010 and VRAM. The first programmable graphics processor chip &#124; IEEE Computer Society| date=10 January 2019 }}</ref> It could run general-purpose code but also had a graphics-oriented instruction set. During 1990–1992, this chip became the basis of the [[Texas Instruments Graphics Architecture]] ("TIGA") [[Windows accelerator]] cards.

[[File:IBM 8514.jpg|thumb|The [[IBM 8514]] Micro Channel adapter, with memory add-on]]

In 1987, the [[IBM 8514]] graphics system was released. It was one of the first video cards for [[IBM PC compatible]]s that implemented [[fixed-function]] 2D primitives in [[electronic hardware]]. [[Sharp Corporation|Sharp]]'s [[X68000]], released in 1987, used a custom graphics chipset<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nfggames.com/games/x68k/ |title=X68000 |access-date=2014-09-12 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903010307/https://nfggames.com/games/x68k/ |archive-date=2014-09-03 }}</ref> with a 65,536 color palette and hardware support for sprites, scrolling, and multiple playfields.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?st=1&c=298 |title=museum ~ Sharp X68000 |publisher=Old-computers.com |access-date=2015-01-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219114323/https://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?st=1&c=298 |archive-date=2015-02-19 }}</ref> It served as a development machine for [[Capcom]]'s [[CP System]] arcade board. Fujitsu's [[FM Towns]] computer, released in 1989, had support for a 16,777,216 color palette.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hardcoregaming101.net/JPNcomputers/Japanesecomputers2.htm|title=Hardcore Gaming 101: Retro Japanese Computers: Gaming's Final Frontier|work=hardcoregaming101.net|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110113214919/https://www.hardcoregaming101.net/JPNcomputers/Japanesecomputers2.htm|archive-date=2011-01-13}}</ref> In 1988, the first dedicated [[3D computer graphics|polygonal 3D]] graphics boards were introduced in arcades with the [[Namco System 21]]<ref>{{cite web |title=System 16 – Namco System 21 Hardware (Namco) |url=https://www.system16.com/hardware.php?id=536 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518005344/https://system16.com/hardware.php?id=536 |archive-date=2015-05-18 |work=system16.com}}</ref> and [[Taito]] Air System.<ref>{{cite web |title=System 16 – Taito Air System Hardware (Taito) |url=https://www.system16.com/hardware.php?id=656 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316214310/https://system16.com/hardware.php?id=656 |archive-date=2015-03-16 |work=system16.com}}</ref>

[[File:IBM VGA 90X8941 on PS55.jpg|thumb|[[Video Graphics Array|VGA]] section on the motherboard in [[IBM Personal System/55|IBM PS/55]] ]]
[[IBM]] introduced its [[proprietary software|proprietary]] [[Video Graphics Array]] (VGA) display standard in 1987, with a maximum resolution of 640×480 pixels. In November 1988, [[NEC|NEC Home Electronics]] announced its creation of the [[Video Electronics Standards Association]] (VESA) to develop and promote a [[Super video graphics array|Super VGA]] (SVGA) [[computer display standard]] as a successor to VGA. Super VGA enabled [[graphics display resolution]]s up to 800×600 [[pixel]]s, a 56% increase.<ref name="InfoWorld 1988-11-14">{{cite news|title=NEC Forms Video Standards Group|first=Mark |last=Brownstein|work=[[InfoWorld]] |issn=0199-6649|date=November 14, 1988|volume=10 |issue=46 |page=3|access-date=May 27, 2016|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wTsEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT2}}</ref>

=== 1990s {{anchor|GUI accelerator}}===
[[File:Dstealth32.jpg|thumb|[[Tseng Labs]] [[Tseng Labs ET4000|ET4000/W32p]]]]
[[File:DIAMONDSTEALTH3D2000-top.JPG|thumb|[[S3 Graphics]] [[S3 ViRGE|ViRGE]]]]
[[File:Voodoo3-2000AGP.jpg|thumb|[[Voodoo3]] 2000 AGP card]]
In 1991, [[S3 Graphics]] introduced the ''[[S3 Graphics|S3 86C911]]'', which its designers named after the [[Porsche 911]] as an indication of the performance increase it promised.<ref>{{cite journal|title=S3 Video Boards|journal=InfoWorld|date=May 18, 1992|volume=14|issue=20|page=62|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XlEEAAAAMBAJ&q=S3+86C911&pg=PA62|access-date=July 13, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171122191720/https://books.google.com/books?id=XlEEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA62&dq=S3+86C911&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CBwQ6AEwAGoVChMI85bTh7XYxgIVyyeUCh3Z_wYp#v=onepage&q=S3%2086C911&f=false|archive-date=November 22, 2017}}</ref> The 86C911 spawned a variety of imitators: by 1995, all major PC graphics chip makers had added [[2D computer graphics|2D]] acceleration support to their chips.<ref>{{cite journal|title=What the numbers mean|journal=PC Magazine|date=23 February 1993|volume=12|page=128|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4RN8nH8oZ2QC&pg=128|access-date=29 March 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411172653/https://books.google.com/books?id=4RN8nH8oZ2QC&pg=128|archive-date=11 April 2017}}
* {{cite web|last1=Singer|first1=Graham|title=The History of the Modern Graphics Processor|url=https://www.techspot.com/article/650-history-of-the-gpu/|publisher=Techspot|access-date=29 March 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329140009/https://www.techspot.com/article/650-history-of-the-gpu/|archive-date=29 March 2016}}</ref> Fixed-function ''Windows accelerators'' surpassed expensive general-purpose graphics coprocessors in Windows performance, and such coprocessors faded from the PC market.

Throughout the 1990s, 2D [[Graphical user interface|GUI]] acceleration evolved. As manufacturing capabilities improved, so did the level of integration of graphics chips. Additional [[application programming interface]]s (APIs) arrived for a variety of tasks, such as Microsoft's [[WinG]] [[graphics library]] for [[Windows 3.1x|Windows 3.x]], and their later [[DirectDraw]] interface for [[hardware acceleration]] of 2D games in [[Windows 95]] and later.

In the early- and mid-1990s, [[real-time computer graphics|real-time]] 3D graphics became increasingly common in arcade, computer, and console games, which led to increasing public demand for hardware-accelerated 3D graphics. Early examples of mass-market 3D graphics hardware can be found in arcade system boards such as the [[Sega Model 1]], [[Namco System 22]], and [[Sega Model 2]], and the [[History of video game consoles (fifth generation)|fifth-generation video game consoles]] such as the [[Sega Saturn|Saturn]], [[PlayStation (console)|PlayStation]], and [[Nintendo 64]]. Arcade systems such as the Sega Model 2 and [[Silicon Graphics|SGI]] [[SGI Onyx|Onyx]]-based Namco Magic Edge Hornet Simulator in 1993 were capable of hardware T&L ([[transform, clipping, and lighting]]) years before appearing in consumer graphics cards.<ref>{{cite web |title=System 16 – Namco Magic Edge Hornet Simulator Hardware (Namco) |url=https://www.system16.com/hardware.php?id=832 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140912000953/https://www.system16.com/hardware.php?id=832 |archive-date=2014-09-12 |work=system16.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=MAME – src/mame/video/model2.c |url=https://mamedev.org/source/src/mame/video/model2.c.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130104200822/https://mamedev.org/source/src/mame/video/model2.c.html |archive-date=4 January 2013 }}</ref> Another early example is the [[Super FX]] chip, a [[Reduced instruction set computer|RISC]]-based [[ROM cartridge#Use in hardware enhancements|on-cartridge graphics chip]] used in some [[Super Nintendo Entertainment System|SNES]] games, notably ''[[List of Doom ports#Super NES|Doom]]'' and ''[[Star Fox (1993 video game)|Star Fox]]''. Some systems used [[Digital signal processor|DSPs]] to accelerate transformations. [[Fujitsu]], which worked on the Sega Model 2 arcade system,<ref>{{cite web |title=System 16 – Sega Model 2 Hardware (Sega) |url=https://www.system16.com/hardware.php?id=713 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101221001009/https://system16.com/hardware.php?id=713 |archive-date=2010-12-21 |work=system16.com}}</ref> began working on integrating T&L into a single [[Integrated circuit|LSI]] solution for use in home computers in 1995;<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hotchips.org/wp-content/uploads/hc_archives/hc07/3_Tue/HC7.S5/HC7.5.1.pdf |title=3D Graphics Processor Chip Set |access-date=2016-08-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011194640/https://www.hotchips.org/wp-content/uploads/hc_archives/hc07/3_Tue/HC7.S5/HC7.5.1.pdf |archive-date=2016-10-11 }}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.fujitsu.com/downloads/MAG/vol33-2/paper08.pdf |title=3D-CG System with Video Texturing for Personal Computers |access-date=2016-08-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140906132147/https://www.fujitsu.com/downloads/MAG/vol33-2/paper08.pdf |archive-date=2014-09-06 }}</ref> the Fujitsu Pinolite, the first 3D geometry processor for personal computers, released in 1997.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pr.fujitsu.com/jp/news/1997/Jul/2e.html|title=Fujitsu Develops World's First Three Dimensional Geometry Processor|work=fujitsu.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140912004938/https://pr.fujitsu.com/jp/news/1997/Jul/2e.html|archive-date=2014-09-12}}</ref> The first hardware T&L GPU on [[Home console|home]] [[video game console]]s was the [[Nintendo 64]]'s [[Reality Coprocessor]], released in 1996.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Nintendo 64 is one of the greatest gaming devices of all time |url=https://xenol.kinja.com/the-nintendo-64-is-one-of-the-greatest-gaming-devices-o-1722364688 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118044413/https://xenol.kinja.com/the-nintendo-64-is-one-of-the-greatest-gaming-devices-o-1722364688 |archive-date=2015-11-18 |work=xenol}}</ref> In 1997, [[Mitsubishi]] released the [[AMD FirePro|3Dpro/2MP]], a GPU capable of transformation and lighting, for [[workstation]]s and [[Windows NT]] desktops;<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Mitsubishi%27s+3DPro/2mp+Chipset+Sets+New+Records+for+Fastest+3D...-a019465188|title=Mitsubishi's 3DPro/2mp Chipset Sets New Records for Fastest 3D Graphics Accelerator for Windows NT Systems; 3DPro/2mp grabs Viewperf performance lead; other high-end benchmark tests clearly show that 3DPro's performance outdistances all Windows NT competitors.|access-date=2022-02-18|archive-date=2018-11-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181115235023/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Mitsubishi%27s+3DPro%2f2mp+Chipset+Sets+New+Records+for+Fastest+3D...-a019465188|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[ATi]] used it for its [[FireGL|FireGL 4000]] [[graphics card]], released in 1997.<ref>{{cite web |author=Vlask |title=VGA Legacy MKIII – Diamond Fire GL 4000 (Mitsubishi 3DPro/2mp) |url=https://vgamuseum.info/index.php/component/k2/item/547-diamond-fire-gl-4000-mitsubishi-3dpro-2mp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118114320/https://vgamuseum.info/index.php/component/k2/item/547-diamond-fire-gl-4000-mitsubishi-3dpro-2mp |archive-date=2015-11-18}}</ref>

The term "GPU" was coined by [[Sony]] in reference to the 32-bit [[PlayStation technical specifications|Sony GPU]] (designed by [[Toshiba]]) in the [[PlayStation (console)|PlayStation]] video game console, released in 1994.<ref name="gpu">{{Cite web | url=https://www.computer.org/publications/tech-news/chasing-pixels/is-it-time-to-rename-the-gpu |title = Is it Time to Rename the GPU? &#124; IEEE Computer Society| date=17 July 2018 }}</ref>

In the PC world, notable failed attempts for low-cost 3D graphics chips included the [[S3 Graphics|S3]] ''[[ViRGE]]'', [[ATI Rage]], and [[Matrox]] ''Mystique''. These chips were essentially previous-generation 2D accelerators with 3D features bolted on. Many were [[Pin-compatibility|pin-compatible]] with the earlier-generation chips for ease of implementation and minimal cost. Initially, 3D graphics were possible only with discrete boards dedicated to accelerating 3D functions (and lacking 2D graphical user interface (GUI) acceleration entirely) such as the [[PowerVR]] and the [[3dfx]] ''Voodoo''. However, as manufacturing technology continued to progress, video, 2D GUI acceleration, and 3D functionality were all integrated into one chip. [[Rendition (company)|Rendition]]'s ''Verite'' chipsets were among the first to do this well. In 1997, Rendition collaborated with [[Hercules Computer Technology|Hercules]] and Fujitsu on a "Thriller Conspiracy" project which combined a Fujitsu FXG-1 Pinolite geometry processor with a Vérité V2200 core to create a graphics card with a full T&L engine years before Nvidia's [[GeForce 256]]; This card, designed to reduce the load placed upon the system's CPU, never made it to market.{{citation needed|date=June 2018}} NVIDIA [[RIVA 128]] was one of the first consumer-facing GPU integrated 3D processing unit and 2D processing unit on a chip.

[[OpenGL]] was introduced in the early 1990s by Silicon Graphics as a professional graphics API, with proprietary hardware support for 3D rasterization. In 1994, Microsoft acquired [[Softimage (company)|Softimage]], the dominant CGI movie production tool used for early CGI movie hits like ''Jurassic Park'', ''Terminator 2'' and ''Titanic''. With that deal came a strategic relationship with SGI and a commercial license of their OpenGL libraries, enabling Microsoft to port the API to the Windows NT OS but not to the upcoming release of Windows 95. Although it was little known at the time, SGI had contracted with Microsoft to [https://www.itprotoday.com/windows-8/sgi-embraces-windows-nt transition from Unix to the forthcoming Windows NT OS]; the deal which was signed in 1995 was not announced publicly until 1998. In the intervening period, Microsoft worked closely with SGI to port OpenGL to Windows NT. In that era, OpenGL had no standard driver model for competing hardware accelerators to compete on the basis of support for higher level 3D texturing and lighting functionality. In 1994 Microsoft announced DirectX 1.0 and support for gaming in the forthcoming Windows 95 consumer OS. In 1995 [https://mergr.com/microsoft-acquires-rendermorphics Microsoft announced the acquisition of UK based Rendermorphics Ltd] and the Direct3D driver model for the acceleration of consumer 3D graphics. The Direct3D driver model shipped with DirectX 2.0 in 1996. It included standards and specifications for 3D chip makers to compete to support 3D texture, lighting and Z-buffering. ATI, which was later to be acquired by AMD, began development on the first Direct3D GPUs. Nvidia quickly pivoted from a [https://www.tomshardware.com/tech-industry/nvidia-nearly-went-out-of-business-in-1996-trying-to-make-segas-dreamcast-gpu-instead-sega-americas-ceo-offered-the-company-a-dollar5-million-lifeline failed deal with Sega]  in 1996 to aggressively embracing support for Direct3D. In this era Microsoft merged their internal Direct3D and OpenGL teams and worked closely with SGI to unify driver standards for both industrial and consumer 3D graphics hardware accelerators.  Microsoft ran annual events for 3D chip makers called "Meltdowns" to test their 3D hardware and drivers to work both with Direct3D and OpenGL. It was during this period of strong Microsoft influence over 3D standards that 3D accelerator cards moved beyond being simple [[Rasterisation|rasterizers]] to become more powerful general purpose processors as support for hardware accelerated texture mapping, lighting, Z-buffering and compute created the modern GPU. During this period the same Microsoft team responsible for Direct3D and OpenGL driver standardization introduced their own Microsoft 3D chip design called [[Microsoft Talisman|Talisman]]. Details of this era are documented extensively in the books "[https://www.amazon.com/Game-v-2-Long-Road-Xbox-ebook/dp/B07HKPNCTC/ Game of X]" v.1 and v.2 by Russel Demaria, "[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0609604163/ref=sw_img_1?smid=A3FM9S79SGC169&psc=1 Renegades of the Empire]" by Mike Drummond, "[https://www.amazon.com/Opening-Xbox-Microsofts-Entertainment-Revolution/dp/0761537082/ Opening the Xbox]" by Dean Takahashi and "[https://www.amazon.com/Masters-Doom-Created-Transformed-Culture/dp/0812972155/ Masters of Doom]" by David Kushner.  The [[Nvidia]] ''[[GeForce 256]]'' (also known as NV10) was the first consumer-level card with hardware-accelerated T&L. While the OpenGL API provided software support for texture mapping and lighting, the first 3D hardware acceleration for these features arrived with the first [[Transform, clipping, and lighting|Direct3D accelerated consumer GPU's]].

=== 2000s ===
NVIDIA released the GeForce 256, marketed as the world's first GPU, integrating transform and lighting engines for advanced 3D graphics rendering. Nvidia was first to produce a chip capable of programmable [[Pixel shader|shading]]: the ''[[GeForce 3]]''. Each pixel could now be processed by a short program that could include additional image textures as inputs, and each geometric vertex could likewise be processed by a short program before it was projected onto the screen. Used in the [[Xbox]] console, this chip competed with the one in the [[PlayStation 2]], which used a custom vector unit for hardware-accelerated vertex processing (commonly referred to as VU0/VU1). The earliest incarnations of shader execution engines used in Xbox were not general-purpose and could not execute arbitrary pixel code. Vertices and pixels were processed by different units, which had their resources, with pixel shaders having tighter constraints (because they execute at higher frequencies than vertices). Pixel shading engines were more akin to a highly customizable function block and did not "run" a program. Many of these disparities between vertex and pixel shading were not addressed until the [[Unified Shader Model]].

In October 2002, with the introduction of the [[ATI Technologies|ATI]] ''[[Radeon 9700 core|Radeon 9700]]'' (also known as R300), the world's first [[Direct3D]] 9.0 accelerator, pixel and vertex shaders could implement [[Loop (computing)|looping]] and lengthy [[floating point]] math, and were quickly becoming as flexible as CPUs, yet orders of magnitude faster for image-array operations. Pixel shading is often used for [[bump mapping]], which adds texture to make an object look shiny, dull, rough, or even round or extruded.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.blacksmith-studios.dk/projects/downloads/bumpmapping_using_cg.php | title = Bump Mapping Using CG (3rd Edition) | first = Søren | last = Dreijer | access-date = 2007-05-30 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100120195901/http://www.blacksmith-studios.dk/projects/downloads/bumpmapping_using_cg.php | archive-date = 2010-01-20 }}</ref>

With the introduction of the Nvidia [[GeForce 8 series]] and new generic stream processing units, GPUs became more generalized computing devices. [[Parallel computing|Parallel]] GPUs are making computational inroads against the CPU, and a subfield of research, dubbed GPU computing or [[GPGPU]] for ''general purpose computing on GPU'', has found applications in fields as diverse as [[machine learning]],<ref>{{cite book|chapter=Large-scale deep unsupervised learning using graphics processors |doi=10.1145/1553374.1553486 |publisher=Dl.acm.org |date=2009-06-14 |title=Proceedings of the 26th Annual International Conference on Machine Learning – ICML '09 |pages=1–8 |last1=Raina |first1=Rajat |last2=Madhavan |first2=Anand |last3=Ng |first3=Andrew Y. |s2cid=392458 |isbn=9781605585161 }}</ref> [[oil exploration]], scientific [[image processing]], [[linear algebra]],<ref>[https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.94.1988&rep=rep1&type=pdf "Linear algebra operators for GPU implementation of numerical algorithms"], Kruger and Westermann, International Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques, 2005</ref> [[statistics]],<ref>{{cite journal |title=ABC-SysBio—approximate Bayesian computation in Python with GPU support |last=Liepe |display-authors=etal |journal=Bioinformatics |year=2010 |volume=26 |issue=14 |pages=1797–1799  |doi=10.1093/bioinformatics/btq278 |pmid=20591907 |pmc=2894518 |url=https://bioinformatics.oxfordjournals.org/content/26/14/1797.full |access-date=2010-10-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151105144736/https://bioinformatics.oxfordjournals.org/content/26/14/1797.full |archive-date=2015-11-05 }}</ref> [[3D reconstruction]], and [[stock options]] pricing. [[GPGPU]] was the precursor to what is now called a compute shader (e.g. CUDA, OpenCL, DirectCompute) and actually abused the hardware to a degree by treating the data passed to algorithms as texture maps and executing algorithms by drawing a triangle or quad with an appropriate pixel shader.{{clarify|date=April 2023}} This entails some overheads since units like the [[Rasterization|scan converter]] are involved where they are not needed (nor are triangle manipulations even a concern—except to invoke the pixel shader).{{clarify|date=April 2023}}

Nvidia's [[CUDA]] platform, first introduced in 2007,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=49OmnOmTEtQC|title=CUDA by Example: An Introduction to General-Purpose GPU Programming, Portable Documents|last1=Sanders|first1=Jason|last2=Kandrot|first2=Edward|date=2010-07-19|publisher=Addison-Wesley Professional|isbn=9780132180139|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170412034641/https://books.google.com/books?id=49OmnOmTEtQC|archive-date=2017-04-12}}</ref> was the earliest widely adopted programming model for GPU computing. [[OpenCL]] is an open standard defined by the [[Khronos Group]] that allows for the development of code for both GPUs and CPUs with an emphasis on portability.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.khronos.org/opencl/|title=OpenCL – The open standard for parallel programming of heterogeneous systems|work=khronos.org|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809103233/https://www.khronos.org/opencl/|archive-date=2011-08-09}}</ref> OpenCL solutions are supported by Intel, AMD, Nvidia, and ARM, and according to a report in 2011 by Evans Data, OpenCL had become the second most popular HPC tool.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Handy |first=Alex |date=2011-09-28 |title=AMD helps OpenCL gain ground in HPC space |url=https://sdtimes.com/amd/amd-helps-opencl-gain-ground-in-hpc-space/ |access-date=2023-06-04 |website=SD Times |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== 2010s ===
In 2010, Nvidia partnered with [[Audi]] to power their cars' dashboards, using the [[Tegra]] GPU to provide increased functionality to cars' navigation and entertainment systems.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.softpedia.com/news/NVIDIA-Tegra-Inside-Every-Audi-2010-Vehicle-131529.shtml|title=NVIDIA Tegra Inside Every Audi 2010 Vehicle|last=Teglet|first=Traian|date=8 January 2010|access-date=2016-08-03|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161004185422/https://news.softpedia.com/news/NVIDIA-Tegra-Inside-Every-Audi-2010-Vehicle-131529.shtml|archive-date=2016-10-04}}</ref> Advances in GPU technology in cars helped advance [[autonomous car|self-driving technology]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.digitaltrends.com/cars/nvidia-gpu-driverless-car/|title=School's in session – Nvidia's driverless system learns by watching|date=2016-04-30|language=en-US|access-date=2016-08-03|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501203712/https://www.digitaltrends.com/cars/nvidia-gpu-driverless-car/|archive-date=2016-05-01}}</ref> AMD's [[Radeon HD 6000 series]] cards were released in 2010, and in 2011 AMD released its 6000M Series discrete GPUs for mobile devices.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AMD Radeon HD 6000M series – don't call it ATI! |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/amd-radeon-hd-6000m-series-dont-call-it-ati/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011195008/https://www.cnet.com/news/amd-radeon-hd-6000m-series-dont-call-it-ati/ |archive-date=2016-10-11 |access-date=2016-08-03 |website=CNET}}</ref> The Kepler line of graphics cards by Nvidia were released in 2012 and were used in the Nvidia's 600 and 700 series cards. A feature in this GPU microarchitecture included GPU boost, a technology that adjusts the clock-speed of a video card to increase or decrease it according to its power draw.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bit-tech.net/hardware/2012/03/22/nvidia-geforce-gtx-680-2gb-review/4|title=Nvidia GeForce GTX 680 2GB Review|access-date=2016-08-03|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911210258/https://www.bit-tech.net/hardware/2012/03/22/nvidia-geforce-gtx-680-2gb-review/4|archive-date=2016-09-11}}</ref> The [[Kepler (microarchitecture)|Kepler microarchitecture]] was manufactured.

The [[PlayStation 4 technical specifications|PS4]] and [[Xbox One]] were released in 2013; they both use GPUs based on [[Radeon HD 7000 series|AMD's Radeon HD 7850 and 7790]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.extremetech.com/gaming/156273-xbox-720-vs-ps4-vs-pc-how-the-hardware-specs-compare|title=Xbox One vs. PlayStation 4: Which game console is best? |website=ExtremeTech|date=20 November 2015 |access-date=2019-05-13}}</ref> Nvidia's Kepler line of GPUs was followed by the [[Maxwell (microarchitecture)|Maxwell]] line, manufactured on the same process. Nvidia's 28&nbsp;nm chips were manufactured by [[TSMC]] in Taiwan using the 28&nbsp;nm process. Compared to the 40&nbsp;nm technology from the past, this manufacturing process allowed a 20 percent boost in performance while drawing less power.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nvidia.com/content/PDF/kepler/NVIDIA-Kepler-GK110-Architecture-Whitepaper.pdf|title=Kepler TM GK110|date=2012|publisher=NVIDIA Corporation|access-date=August 3, 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011194501/https://www.nvidia.com/content/PDF/kepler/NVIDIA-Kepler-GK110-Architecture-Whitepaper.pdf|archive-date=October 11, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tsmc.com/english/dedicatedFoundry/technology/28nm.htm|title=Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company Limited|website=www.tsmc.com|access-date=2016-08-03|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160810092021/https://www.tsmc.com/english/dedicatedFoundry/technology/28nm.htm|archive-date=2016-08-10}}</ref> [[Virtual reality headset]]s have high system requirements; manufacturers recommended the GTX 970 and the R9 290X or better at the time of their release.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.octopusrift.com/building-a-vive-pc/|title=Building a PC for the HTC Vive|date=2016-06-16|access-date=2016-08-03|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729024408/https://www.octopusrift.com/building-a-vive-pc/|archive-date=2016-07-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vive.com/ready/|title=VIVE Ready Computers|publisher=Vive|access-date=2021-07-30|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160224182407/https://www.htcvive.com/us/product-optimized/|archive-date=2016-02-24}}</ref> Cards based on the [[Pascal (microarchitecture)|Pascal]] microarchitecture were released in 2016. The [[GeForce 10 series]] of cards are of this generation of graphics cards. They are made using the 16&nbsp;nm manufacturing process which improves upon previous microarchitectures.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pcworld.com/article/3052312/components-graphics/nvidias-monstrous-pascal-gpu-is-packed-with-cutting-edge-tech-and-15-billion-transistors.html|title=Nvidia's monstrous Pascal GPU is packed with cutting-edge tech and 15 billion transistors|date=5 April 2016|access-date=2016-08-03|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160731220844/https://www.pcworld.com/article/3052312/components-graphics/nvidias-monstrous-pascal-gpu-is-packed-with-cutting-edge-tech-and-15-billion-transistors.html|archive-date=2016-07-31}}</ref> Nvidia released one non-consumer card under the new [[Volta (microarchitecture)|Volta]] architecture, the Titan V. Changes from the Titan XP, Pascal's high-end card, include an increase in the number of CUDA cores, the addition of tensor cores, and [[High Bandwidth Memory|HBM2]]. Tensor cores are designed for deep learning, while high-bandwidth memory is on-die, stacked, lower-clocked memory that offers an extremely wide memory bus. To emphasize that the Titan V is not a gaming card, Nvidia removed the "GeForce GTX" suffix it adds to consumer gaming cards.

In 2018, Nvidia launched the RTX 20 series GPUs that added ray-tracing cores to GPUs, improving their performance on lighting effects.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sarkar |first1=Samit |title=Nvidia RTX 2070, RTX 2080, RTX 2080 Ti GPUs revealed: specs, price, release date |url=https://www.polygon.com/2018/8/20/17760038/nvidia-geforce-rtx-2080-ti-2070-specs-release-date-price-turing |website=Polygon |date=20 August 2018 |access-date=11 September 2019}}</ref> [[Polaris 11]] and [[Polaris 10]] GPUs from AMD are fabricated by a 14&nbsp;nm process. Their release resulted in a substantial increase in the performance per watt of AMD video cards.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wccftech.com/amd-unveils-polaris-11-10-gpu/|title=AMD RX 480, 470 & 460 Polaris GPUs To Deliver The 'Most Revolutionary Jump In Performance' Yet|date=2016-01-16|language=en-US|access-date=2016-08-03|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801225420/https://wccftech.com/amd-unveils-polaris-11-10-gpu/|archive-date=2016-08-01}}</ref> AMD also released the Vega GPU series for the high end market as a competitor to Nvidia's high end Pascal cards, also featuring HBM2 like the Titan V.

In 2019, AMD released the successor to their [[Graphics Core Next]] (GCN) microarchitecture/instruction set. Dubbed RDNA, the first product featuring it was the [[Radeon RX 5000 series]] of video cards.<ref name="amd-official-press-release-computex">AMD press release: {{cite web|url=https://www.amd.com/en/press-releases/2019-05-26-amd-announces-next-generation-leadership-products-computex-2019-keynote|title=AMD Announces Next-Generation Leadership Products at Computex 2019 Keynote |publisher=AMD |access-date=October 5, 2019}}</ref> The company announced that the successor to the RDNA microarchitecture would be incremental (a "refresh"). AMD unveiled the [[Radeon RX 6000 series]], its RDNA 2 graphics cards with support for hardware-accelerated ray tracing.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tomshardware.com/news/amds-navi-to-be-refreshed-with-next-gen-rdna-architecture-in-2020|title=AMD to Introduce New Next-Gen RDNA GPUs in 2020, Not a Typical 'Refresh' of Navi|date=2020-01-29|website=[[Tom's Hardware]]|access-date=2020-02-08}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.tweaktown.com/news/75066/amd-to-reveal-next-gen-big-navi-rdna-2-graphics-cards-on-october-28/index.html|title=AMD to reveal next-gen Big Navi RDNA 2 graphics cards on October 28|last=Garreffa|first=Anthony|work=TweakTown|date=September 9, 2020|access-date=September 9, 2020}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/9/9/21429127/amd-zen-3-cpu-big-navi-gpu-events-october|title=AMD's next-generation Zen 3 CPUs and Radeon RX 6000 'Big Navi' GPU will be revealed next month|last=Lyles|first=Taylor|work=The Verge|date=September 9, 2020|access-date=September 10, 2020}}</ref> The product series, launched in late 2020, consisted of the RX 6800, RX 6800 XT, and RX 6900 XT.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.anandtech.com/show/16150/amd-teases-radeon-rx-6000-card-performance-numbers-aiming-for-3080|title=AMD Teases Radeon RX 6000 Card Performance Numbers: Aiming For 3080?|website=[[AnandTech]] |date=2020-10-08|access-date=2020-10-25}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.anandtech.com/show/16077/amd-announces-ryzen-zen-3-and-radeon-rdna2-presentations-for-october-a-new-journey-begins|title=AMD Announces Ryzen 'Zen 3' and Radeon 'RDNA2' Presentations for October: A New Journey Begins|website=[[AnandTech]]|date=2020-09-09|access-date=2020-10-25}}</ref><ref name="RDNA2InfinityCache">{{cite web|url=https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/digitalfoundry-2020-10-28-amd-unveils-three-radeon-6000-graphics-cards-with-ray-tracing-and-impressive-performance|title=AMD unveils three Radeon 6000 graphics cards with ray tracing and RTX-beating performance|last=Judd|first=Will|work=Eurogamer|date=October 28, 2020|access-date=October 28, 2020}}</ref> The RX 6700 XT, which is based on Navi 22, was launched in early 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mujtaba|first=Hassan|date=2020-11-30|title=AMD Radeon RX 6700 XT 'Navi 22 GPU' Custom Models Reportedly Boost Up To 2.95 GHz|url=https://wccftech.com/amd-radeon-rx-6700-xt-custom-models-boost-up-to-2-95-ghz-220w-tgp/|access-date=2020-12-03|website=Wccftech|language=en-US}}
* {{Cite web|last=Tyson|first=Mark|date=December 3, 2020|title=AMD CEO keynote scheduled for CES 2020 on 12th January|url=https://hexus.net/tech/news/industry/147068-amd-ceo-keynote-scheduled-ces-2020-12th-january/|access-date=2020-12-03|website=HEXUS}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.anandtech.com/show/16402/amd-to-launch-midrange-rdna-2-desktop-graphics-in-first-half-2021|title=AMD to Launch Mid-Range RDNA 2 Desktop Graphics in First Half 2021|last=Cutress|first=Ian|work=AnandTech|date=January 12, 2021|access-date=January 4, 2021}}</ref>

The [[PlayStation 5]] and [[Xbox Series X and Series S]] were released in 2020; they both use GPUs based on the [[RDNA 2]] microarchitecture with incremental improvements and different GPU configurations in each system's implementation.<ref name="RDNA2PS5Console">{{Cite web|url=https://hothardware.com/news/sony-playstation-5-independent-teardown-ifixit|title=Sony PS5 Gets A Full Teardown Detailing Its RDNA 2 Guts And Glory|last=Funk|first=Ben|website=Hot Hardware|date=December 12, 2020|access-date=January 3, 2021|archive-date=December 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201212165054/https://hothardware.com/news/sony-playstation-5-independent-teardown-ifixit|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/3/18/21183181/sony-ps5-playstation-5-specs-details-hardware-processor-8k-ray-tracing|title=Sony reveals full PS5 hardware specifications|last=Gartenberg|first=Chaim|work=[[The Verge]]|date=March 18, 2020|access-date=January 3, 2021}}</ref><ref name="RDNA2XboxConsoles">{{Cite web|url=https://www.anandtech.com/show/15546/microsoft-drops-more-xbox-series-x-tech-specs-zen-2-rdna-2-12-tflops-gpu-hdmi-21-a-custom-ssd|title=Microsoft Drops More Xbox Series X Tech Specs: Zen 2 + RDNA 2, 12 TFLOPs GPU, HDMI 2.1, & a Custom SSD|last=Smith|first=Ryan|website=AnandTech|access-date=2020-03-19}}</ref>

[[Intel]] first [[List of Intel graphics processing units|entered the GPU market]] in the late 1990s, but produced lackluster 3D accelerators compared to the competition at the time. Rather than attempting to compete with the high-end manufacturers Nvidia and ATI/AMD, they began integrating [[Intel Graphics Technology]] GPUs into motherboard chipsets, beginning with the [[Intel 810]] for the Pentium III, and later into CPUs. They began with the [[Bonnell (microarchitecture)#Pineview|Intel Atom 'Pineview']] laptop processor in 2009, continuing in 2010 with desktop processors in the first generation of the [[Intel Core]] line and with contemporary Pentiums and Celerons. This resulted in a large nominal market share, as the majority of computers with an Intel CPU also featured this embedded graphics processor. These generally lagged behind discrete processors in performance. Intel re-entered the discrete GPU market in 2022 with its [[Intel Arc|Arc]] series, which competed with the then-current GeForce 30 series and Radeon 6000 series cards at competitive prices.{{cn|date=May 2023}}

=== 2020s ===
{{See also| AI accelerator}}

In the 2020s, GPUs have been increasingly used for calculations involving [[embarrassingly parallel]] problems, such as training of [[Artificial neural network#Training|neural networks]] on enormous datasets that are needed for [[large language model]]s. Specialized processing cores on some modern workstation's GPUs are dedicated for [[deep learning]] since they have significant FLOPS performance increases, using 4×4 matrix multiplication and division, resulting in hardware performance up to 128 TFLOPS in some applications.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Smith |first1=Ryan |title=NVIDIA Volta Unveiled: GV100 GPU and Tesla V100 Accelerator Announced |url=https://www.anandtech.com/show/11367/nvidia-volta-unveiled-gv100-gpu-and-tesla-v100-accelerator-announced |website=AnandTech |access-date=16 August 2018}}</ref> These tensor cores are expected to appear in consumer cards, as well.{{Update inline|date=April 2023}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hill |first1=Brandon |title=AMD's Navi 7nm GPU Architecture to Reportedly Feature Dedicated AI Circuitry |url=https://hothardware.com/news/amd-7nm-navi-gpu-ai-deep-learning |website=HotHardware |date=11 August 2017 |access-date=16 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817023122/https://hothardware.com/news/amd-7nm-navi-gpu-ai-deep-learning |archive-date=17 August 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>