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Grasshopper
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==Phylogeny== Grasshoppers belong to the suborder Caelifera. Although "grasshopper" has been used as a common name for the suborder in general,<ref>{{cite web|title=Caelifera:Grasshoppers and Locusts|url=http://eol.org/pages/2634375/overview|publisher=Encyclopedia of Life|access-date=4 August 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411231334/http://eol.org/pages/2634375/overview|archive-date=11 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Suborder Caelifera – Grasshoppers|publisher=BugGuide|url=http://bugguide.net/node/view/16133|access-date=4 August 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804214918/http://bugguide.net/node/view/16133|archive-date=4 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=About Orthoptera: Crickets and grasshoppers|publisher=Orthoptera.org.uk|url=https://www.orthoptera.org.uk/about_orthoptera|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805015247/https://www.orthoptera.org.uk/about_orthoptera|archive-date=5 August 2017}}</ref> modern sources restrict it to the more "evolved" [[Family (biology)|families]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Grimaldi |first1=David |last2=Engel |first2=Michael, S. |year=2005 |title=Evolution of the Insects |url=https://archive.org/details/evolutioninsects00grim_110 |url-access=limited |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/evolutioninsects00grim_110/page/n224 210] |isbn=978-0-521-82149-0}}</ref> They may be placed in the infraorder [[Acrididea]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=657454#null|title=ITIS Standard Report Page: Acrididea|website=www.itis.gov|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802204613/https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=657454#null|archive-date=2 August 2017}}</ref> and have been referred to as "short-horned grasshoppers" in older texts<ref name = "Imms">Imms A.D., rev. Richards O.W. & Davies R.G. (1970) ''A General Textbook of Entomology'' 9th Ed. Methuen 886 pp.</ref> to distinguish them from the also-obsolete term "long-horned grasshoppers" (now [[bush-cricket]]s or katydids) with their much longer [[Antenna (biology)|antennae]]. The [[phylogeny]] of the Caelifera, based on mitochondrial [[ribosomal RNA]] of thirty-two taxa in six out of seven superfamilies, is shown as a [[cladogram]]. The [[Ensifera]] (crickets, ''etc.''), Caelifera and all the superfamilies of grasshoppers except "[[Pamphagidae|Pamphagoidea]]" appear to be [[monophyletic]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Flook |first1=P.K. |last2=Rowell |first2=C.H.F. |title=The Phylogeny of the Caelifera (Insecta, Orthoptera) as Deduced from mtrRNA Gene Sequences |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |date=1997 |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=89–103 |doi=10.1006/mpev.1997.0412 |pmid=9242597|bibcode=1997MolPE...8...89F }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Hong-Li|last2=Huang |first2=Yuan|last3=Lin |first3=Li-Liang |last4=Wang |first4=Xiao-Yang |last5=Zheng|first5=Zhe-Min |title=The phylogeny of the Orthoptera (Insecta) as deduced from mitogenomic gene sequences |journal=Zoological Studies |date=2013 |volume=52 |page=37 |doi=10.1186/1810-522X-52-37|doi-access=free }}</ref> {{clade| style=font-size:85%;line-height:85% |label1=[[Orthoptera]] |1={{clade |label1=[[Ensifera]] (crickets, katydids, etc.) |1=[6 superfamilies] [[File:Gryllus campestris MHNT.jpg|35px]] |label2=Caelifera |2={{clade |1=[[Tridactyloidea]] [[File:Ripipteryx mopana.jpg|50px]] |2={{clade |1=[[Tetrigoidea]] [[File:Tetrix bipunctata01 crop.jpg|50px]] |2={{clade |1=[[Eumastacoidea]] [[File:Genera Insectorum - Eumastax vittata.jpg|80px]] |2={{clade |1=[[Proscopioidea]] [[File:Pseudoproscopia spec. - Tiergarten Schönbrunn crop.jpg|50px]] |2={{clade |1=[[Pneumoroidea]] [[File:Bladder Grasshopper (Bullacris intermedia) (30068047440).jpg|50px]] |2={{clade |1=[[Pyrgomorphoidea]] [[File:Pyrgomorphidae - Phymateus aegrotus.JPG|50px]] |2=[[Acridoidea]] [[File:Annualreportofag1119021903univ 0052AA2 Figure 1.jpg|50px]] }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} [[File:Fossil grasshoppers - Royal Ontario Museum - DSC00013.JPG|thumb|Fossil grasshoppers at the Royal Ontario Museum]] In evolutionary terms, the split between the Caelifera and the Ensifera is no more recent than the [[Permo-Triassic boundary]];<ref>{{cite book |author=Zeuner, F.E. |date=1939 |title=Fossil Orthoptera Ensifera |publisher=British Museum Natural History |oclc=1514958}}</ref> the earliest insects that are certainly Caeliferans are in the extinct families Locustopseidae and Locustavidae from the early Triassic, roughly 250 million years ago. The group diversified during the Triassic and have remained important plant-eaters from that time to now. The first modern families such as the Eumastacidae, Tetrigidae and Tridactylidae appeared in the [[Cretaceous]], though some insects that might belong to the last two of these groups are found in the [[early Jurassic]].<ref name=GrimaldiEngel2005>{{cite book |author1=Grimaldi, David |author2=Engel, Michael S. |title=Evolution of the Insects |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ql6Jl6wKb88C&pg=PA210 |year=2005 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-82149-0 |page=210 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171127023307/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ql6Jl6wKb88C&pg=PA210 |archive-date=27 November 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Béthoux |first1=Oliver |last2=Ross |first2=A.J. |title=Mesacridites Riek, 1954 (Middle Triassic; Australia) transferred from Protorthoptera to Orthoptera: Locustavidae |journal=Journal of Paleontology |date=2005|volume=79 |issue=3 |pages=607–610 |doi=10.1666/0022-3360(2005)079<0607:mrmatf>2.0.co;2|bibcode=2005JPal...79..607B |s2cid=131591210 }}</ref> Morphological classification is difficult because many taxa have converged towards a common habitat type; recent taxonomists have concentrated on the internal genitalia, especially those of the male. This information is not available from fossil specimens, and the palaeontological taxonomy is founded principally on the venation of the hindwings.<ref name=TOLweb/> The Caelifera includes some 2,400 valid genera and about 11,000 known species. Many undescribed species probably exist, especially in [[tropical wet forest]]s. The Caelifera have a predominantly tropical distribution with fewer species known from temperate zones, but most of the superfamilies have representatives worldwide. They are almost exclusively herbivorous and are probably the oldest living group of chewing herbivorous insects.<ref name=TOLweb>{{cite web |url=http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Caelifera |title=Caelifera: Shorthorned Grasshoppers, Locusts and Relatives |author1=Rowell, Hugh |author2=Flook, Paul |year=2001 |work=Tree of Life web project |access-date=3 April 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150408064407/http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Caelifera |archive-date=8 April 2015 }}</ref> The most diverse superfamily is the [[Acridoidea]], with around 8,000 species. The two main families in this are the Acrididae (grasshoppers and locusts) with a worldwide distribution, and the [[Romaleidae]] (lubber grasshoppers), found chiefly in the New World. The Ommexechidae and Tristiridae are South American, and the Lentulidae, Lithidiidae and Pamphagidae are mainly African. The Pauliniids are nocturnal and can swim or skate on water, and the Lentulids are wingless.<ref name=GrimaldiEngel2005/> Pneumoridae are native to Africa, particularly southern Africa, and are distinguished by the inflated abdomens of the males.<ref name="Donelson">{{cite journal |last1=Donelson |first1=Nathan C. |last2=van Staaden |first2=Moira J. |year=2005 |title=Alternate tactics in male bladder grasshoppers Bullacris membracioides (Orthoptera: Pneumoridae) |journal=Behaviour |volume=142 |issue=6 |pages=761–778 |doi=10.1163/1568539054729088 |url=http://caspar.bgsu.edu/~mooi/Home/Publications_files/MvS_Behav05.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220162119/http://caspar.bgsu.edu/~mooi/Home/Publications_files/MvS_Behav05.pdf |archive-date=20 December 2016 }}</ref>
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