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Green algae
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==Cellular structure== Green algae have chloroplasts that contain [[chlorophyll a|chlorophyll ''a'']] and [[chlorophyll b|''b'']], giving them a bright green colour, as well as the accessory pigments [[beta carotene]] (red-orange) and [[xanthophyll]]s (yellow) in stacked [[thylakoid]]s.<ref name="Burrows 1991">Burrows 1991. ''Seaweeds of the British Isles.'' Volume '''2''' Natural History Museum, London. {{ISBN|0-565-00981-8}}</ref><ref name="vandenHoek-1995">{{cite book | vauthors = van den Hoek C, Mann DG, Jahns HM | year = 1995 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=xuUoiFesSHMC | title = Algae An introduction to phycology | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge | isbn = 978-0-521-30419-1 }}</ref> The [[cell wall]]s of green algae usually contain [[cellulose]], and they store carbohydrate in the form of [[starch]].<ref name="Judd-2002">{{cite book |vauthors=Judd WS, Campbell CS, Kellogg EA, Stevens PF, Donoghue MJ | publisher = Sinauer Associates Inc. | location = Sunderland Mass. | date = 2002 | title = Plant systematics, a phylogenetic approach. | isbn = 978-0-87893-403-4 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/plantsystematics0002unse/page/156 156] | url = https://archive.org/details/plantsystematics0002unse/page/156 }}</ref> All green algae have [[mitochondrion|mitochondria]] with flat [[cristae]]. When present, paired [[flagellum|flagella]] are used to move the cell. They are anchored by a cross-shaped system of [[microtubule]]s and fibrous strands. Flagella are only present in the motile male gametes of [[charophytes]]<ref>{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1016/0041-008x(92)90204-6|pmid = 1539170|title = Letter to the editor|journal = Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology|volume = 112|issue = 2|pages = 331β332|year = 1992| vauthors = Roberts DW }}</ref> bryophytes, pteridophytes, cycads and ''[[Ginkgo]]'', but are absent from the gametes of [[Pinophyta]] and [[Angiosperm|flowering plants]]. Members of the class [[Chlorophyceae]] undergo closed mitosis in the most common form of cell division among the green algae, which occurs via a [[phycoplast]].<ref name="Pickett-Heaps-1976">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pickett-Heaps J | year = 1976 | title = Cell division in eucaryotic algae | journal = BioScience | volume = 26 | issue = 7| pages = 445β450 | doi=10.2307/1297481| jstor = 1297481 }}</ref> By contrast, [[charophyte]] green algae and land plants (embryophytes) undergo open [[mitosis]] without [[centriole]]s. Instead, a 'raft' of microtubules, the [[phragmoplast]], is formed from the [[mitotic spindle]] and cell division involves the use of this [[phragmoplast]] in the production of a [[cell plate]].<ref name="P">P.H. Raven, R.F. Evert, S.E. Eichhorn (2005): ''Biology of Plants'', 7th Edition, W.H. Freeman and Company Publishers, New York, {{ISBN|0-7167-1007-2}}</ref>
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