Editing Grief (section)

== Grieving process ==
Between 1996 and 2006, there was extensive skepticism about a universal and predictable "emotional pathway" that leads from distress to "recovery" with an appreciation that grief is a more complex process of adapting to loss than stage and phase [[model]]s have previously suggested. The two-track model of bereavement, created by Simon Shimshon Rubin in 1981,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rubin |first=Simon |date=January 1981 |title=A two-track model of bereavement: Theory and application in research. |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1939-0025.1981.tb01352.x |journal=American Journal of Orthopsychiatry |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=101–109 |doi=10.1111/j.1939-0025.1981.tb01352.x |pmid=7212022 |issn=1939-0025|url-access=subscription }}</ref> provided a deeper focus on the grieving process. The model examines the long-term effects of bereavement by measuring how well the person is adapting to the loss of a significant person in their life. The main objective of the two-track model of bereavement is for the individual to "manage and live in reality in which the deceased is absent," as well as return to normal biological functioning.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Malkinson |first=Ruth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V8GAp2zEwUoC&q=Cognitive+grief+therapy%3A+Constructing+a+rational+meaning+to+life+following+loss&pg=PP15 |title=Cognitive Grief Therapy: Constructing a Rational Meaning to Life Following Loss |date=2007 |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |isbn=978-0-393-70439-6}}</ref>

Track One is focused on the biopsychosocial functioning of grief. This focuses on the [[anxiety]], [[Depression (mood)|depression]], somatic concerns, traumatic responses, familial relationships, interpersonal relationships, self-esteem, meaning structure, work, and investment in life tasks. Rubin (2010) points out, "Track 1, the range of aspects of the individual's functioning across affective, interpersonal, somatic and classical psychiatric indicators is considered".<ref>Shimshon, p. 686</ref>

The significance of the closeness between the bereaved and the deceased is important to Track 1 because this could determine the severity of the mourning and grief the bereaved will endure. This first track is the response to extremely stressful life events and requires adaptation, change, and integration. The second track focuses on the ongoing relationship between the griever and the deceased. Track two mainly focuses on how the bereaved was connected to the deceased and what level of closeness was shared. The two main components considered are positive and negative memories and emotional involvement shared with the decedent. The stronger the relationship with the deceased, the greater the evaluation of the relationship with heightened shock.
[[File:Mother of martyr.jpg|thumb|An Iranian mother mourning her son, who was killed in the [[Iran-Iraq war]] over 20 years earlier.]]
Any memory could be a trigger for the bereaved, the way the bereaved chose to remember their loved ones, and how the bereaved integrate the memory of their loved ones into their daily lives.

Ten main attributes to this track include imagery/memory, emotional distance, positive effect, negative effect, preoccupation with the loss, conflict, idealization, memorialization/transformation of the loss, impact on self-perception and loss process (shock, searching, disorganized).<ref name="Rubin, 1999">Rubin, 1999</ref> An outcome of this track is being able to recognize how transformation has occurred beyond grief and mourning.<ref name="Rubin, 1999"/> By outlining the main aspects of the bereavement process into two interactive tracks, individuals can examine and understand how grief has affected their life following loss and begin to adapt to this post-loss life. The Model offers a better understanding of the duration of time in the wake of one's loss and the outcomes that evolve from death. Using this model, researchers can effectively examine the response to an individual's loss by assessing the behavioral-psychological functioning and the relationship with the deceased.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1080/07481180802705668| pmid=19368062|title = The Two-Track Model of Bereavement Questionnaire (TTBQ): Development and Validation of a Relational Measure| journal=Death Studies| volume=33| issue=4| pages=305–33|year = 2009|last1 = Rubin|first1 = Simon Shimshon| last2=Bar Nadav| first2=Ofri| last3=Malkinson| first3=Ruth| last4=Koren| first4=Dan| last5=Goffer-Shnarch| first5=Moran| last6=Michaeli| first6=Ella| s2cid=205584637}}</ref>

The authors from ''What's Your Grief?'', Litza Williams and Eleanor Haley, state in their understanding of the clinical and therapeutic uses of the model:

{{blockquote|in terms of functioning, this model can help the bereaved identify which areas of his/her life has been impacted by the grief in a negative way as well as areas that the bereaved has already begun to adapt to after the loss. If the bereaved is unable to return to their normal functioning as in before loss occurred, it is likely they will find difficulty in the process of working through the loss as well as their separation from the deceased.

Along the relational aspect, the bereaved can become aware of their relationship with the deceased and how it has changed or may change in the future (Williams & Haley, 2017).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://whatsyourgrief.com/rubin-two-track-model-of-bereavement/|title=Understanding The Two-Track Model of Bereavement - What's Your Grief|last1=Williams|first1=Litza|date=2017-01-12|work=What's Your Grief|access-date=2017-12-11|last2=Haley|first2=Eleanor}}</ref>}}

"The Two-Track Model of Bereavement can help specify areas of mutuality (how people respond affectivity to trauma and change) and also difference (how bereaved people may be preoccupied with the deceased following loss compared to how they may be preoccupied with trauma following the exposure to it)" (Rubin, S.S, 1999).<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1080/074811899200731| pmid=10848088|title = The Two-Track Model of Bereavement: Overview, Retrospect, and Prospect| journal=Death Studies| volume=23| issue=8| pages=681–714|year = 1999|last1 = Rubin|first1 = Simon Shimshon| citeseerx=10.1.1.462.2673}}</ref>

While the grief response is considered a natural way of dealing with loss, prolonged, highly intense grief may, at times, become debilitating enough to be considered a disorder.<ref name = Mihaela>{{Cite journal |last1=Prigerson |first1=Holly G. |last2=Horowitz |first2=Mardi J. |last3=Jacobs |first3=Selby C. |last4=Parkes |first4=Colin M. |last5=Aslan |first5=Mihaela |last6=Goodkin |first6=Karl |last7=Raphael |first7=Beverley |author-link7=Beverley Raphael |last8=Marwit |first8=Samuel J. |last9=Wortman |first9= Camille |last10=Neimeyer |first10=Robert A. |last11=Bonanno |first11=George |date=4 August 2009 |title=Prolonged Grief Disorder: Psychometric Validation of Criteria Proposed for DSM-V and ICD-11 |journal=PLOS Medicine |volume=6 |issue=8 |pages=e1000121 |doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.1000121 |issn=1549-1676 |pmc=2711304 |pmid=19652695 |doi-access= free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lundorff|first1=Marie|last2=Holmgren|first2=Helle|last3=Zachariae|first3=Robert|last4=Farver-Vestergaard|first4=Ingeborg|last5=O'Connor|first5=Maja|date=April 2017|title=Prevalence of prolonged grief disorder in adult bereavement: A systematic review and meta-analysis|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.01.030|journal=Journal of Affective Disorders|volume=212|pages=138–49|doi=10.1016/j.jad.2017.01.030|pmid=28167398|s2cid=205643136 |issn=0165-0327}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Boelen|first1=Paul A.|last2=van de Schoot|first2=Rens|last3=van den Hout|first3=Marcel A.|last4=de Keijser|first4=Jos|last5=van den Bout|first5=Jan|date= September 2010|title=Prolonged Grief Disorder, depression, and posttraumatic stress disorder are distinguishable syndromes|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2010.01.076|journal=Journal of Affective Disorders|volume=125|issue=1–3|pages=374–78|doi=10.1016/j.jad.2010.01.076|pmid=20189657|issn=0165-0327|url-access=subscription}}</ref>