Editing Guiding Light (section)

==Origins, plot development, and cast==
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''Guiding Light'' has had a number of plot sequences during the series' long history, on both radio and television. These plot sequences include complex storylines, and different writers and casting.

===1930s and 1940s===
{{Main|Guiding Light (1937–1949)}}

The series was created by Emmons Carlson and Irna Phillips, who based it on personal experiences. After giving birth to a [[still born|still-born baby]] at age 19, Phillips found spiritual comfort listening to the radio sermons of [[Preston Bradley]], a famous Chicago preacher and founder of the People's Church, a church which promoted the brotherhood of man.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.peopleschurchchicago.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/9.PC-Preston-Bradley-History-2014-01-01.pdf|title=Preston Bradley and the Peoples Church – a history
|website=peopleschurchchicago.org|access-date=28 August 2023}}</ref> These sermons inspired the creation of ''The Guiding Light'', which began as a radio series, with a minister as the central character. The original radio series was first broadcast as 15-minute episodes on NBC Radio, starting on January 25, 1937. The series was transferred to CBS Radio in 1947.

===1950s===
{{Main|Guiding Light (1950–1959)}}

''The Guiding Light'' was broadcast first by CBS Television on June 30, 1952, replacing the canceled soap opera ''[[The First Hundred Years]]''. These episodes were also 15 minutes long. During the period from 1952 to 1956, ''The Guiding Light'' existed as both a radio and television serial, with actors recording their performances twice for each day that the shows were broadcast. The radio broadcast of ''The Guiding Light'' ceased production during 1956, ending this overlap.<ref name="gl50">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/06/30/nyregion/at-50-guiding-light-recalls-its-past.html|title=AT 50, 'GUIDING LIGHT' RECALLS ITS PAST|first=Sandra|last=Bodovitz|work=The New York Times |date=June 30, 1987|via=NYTimes.com}}</ref>

With the transition to television, the main characters became the Bauers, a lower-middle class German immigrant family who were first introduced in the radio serial in 1948.<ref name="gl50" /> Many storylines revolved around Bill Bauer (son of patriarch Friedrich "Papa" Bauer) and his new wife Bertha (nicknamed "Bert"). Papa Bauer, who came to the United States during World War I with just a few dollars in his pocket, was a [[wikt:salt of the earth|salt of the earth]] character who succeeded in offering opportunities to his children by working hard, and he instilled that work ethic into his children. Bert had dreams of climbing the social ladder and keeping up appearances, and it was up to Bill (and sometimes Papa Bauer) to bring her down to earth.

''The Guiding Light'' ranked as the number one-rated soap opera during both 1956 and 1957, before being replaced during 1958 by ''[[As the World Turns]]''.<ref name="Encyc ratings">{{cite book |last=Waggett |first=Gerard J. |title=[[The Soap Opera Encyclopedia (Waggett book)|The Soap Opera Encyclopedia]] |publisher=[[HarperCollins|HarperPaperbacks]] |date=November 1997 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/soapoperaencyclo00wagg/page/625 625–642] |chapter=Part VI: Soap Opera Nielsen Ratings |isbn=0-06-101157-6}}</ref> After Irna Phillips was transferred to ''As the World Turns'' during 1958, her protégé [[Agnes Nixon]] became head writer of ''The Guiding Light''.

The first television producer of ''The Guiding Light'' was Lucy Ferri Rittenberg, who produced the show for over 20 years.

===1960s===
{{Main|Guiding Light (1960–1969)}}

Agnes Nixon relinquished her role as chief writer during 1965 to work on ''[[Another World (TV series)|Another World]]''. On March 13, 1967, ''The Guiding Light'' was first broadcast in color. On September 9, 1968, the program was expanded from 15 to 30 minutes.

The 1960s featured the introduction of Black characters, played by [[Billy Dee Williams]], [[James Earl Jones]], [[Ruby Dee]], and [[Cicely Tyson]]. The emphasis of the series shifted to Bill and Bert's children, Mike and Ed; the character of Bill Bauer was written out in July 1969, presumed dead after a plane crash. The show also became a bit more topical during the 1960s, with such storylines as Bert Bauer's diagnosis of [[uterine cancer]] in 1962.

A number of new characters were introduced during the mid- to late 1960s, including Dr. Sara McIntyre, who remained a major character through the early 1980s.

===1970s===
{{Main|Guiding Light (1970–1979)}}

Much of the story during the first half of the 1970s was dominated by Stanley Norris' November 1971 murder and the subsequent trial, as well as the exploits of villainesses Charlotte Waring and Kit Vested. Charlotte (at the time played by Melinda Fee) was murdered by Kit ([[Nancy Addison]]) on August 26, 1973. The following year, Kit was shot by Joe Werner (Anthony Call) in self-defense on April 24, 1974, after she had attempted to poison Sara McIntyre.

[[Roger Thorpe]] was introduced on April 1, 1971 and became a pivotal character. The role of Roger was originally proposed to be a blond, fair-skinned, preppy type, a man who was dating his boss's daughter Holly. Ultimately, [[Michael Zaslow]], a dark-haired actor, was hired for the role instead by long-time [[casting director]], Betty Rea. Zaslow portrayed Roger as a complicated and multifaceted [[villain]].

Cast member Theo Goetz, who played Papa Bauer, died in 1972. Producers decided that Papa Bauer would die onscreen. The cast paid tribute to Goetz and Papa Bauer in a special memorial episode which aired on February 27, 1973.

Pressured by newer, more youth-oriented soap operas such as ''[[All My Children]]'', [[Procter & Gamble]] hired head writers [[Bridget and Jerome Dobson]] in 1975, who started writing in November. The Dobsons introduced a more nuanced, psychologically layered writing style, and included timely story lines, including a complex love/hate relationship between estranged spouses/step-siblings [[Roger Thorpe and Holly Norris|Roger and Holly]]. They also introduced several new characters, including [[Rita Stapleton]], whose complex relationships with Roger and Ed propelled much of the story for the remainder of the decade, as well as mogul [[Alan Spaulding]] and brash lawyer Ross Marler.

In 1977, the character of Bill Bauer was reintroduced. GL had told a story where Bill died in an airplane crash in July 1969, so his reappearance was a surprise. Bill was subsequently charged for a murder of a man in Vancouver (he was acquitted, with Mike's help) and by April 1978 Bill had left town again. The character of Bill returned briefly in November 1978, April 1980, and then again in July and November 1983. Bill's return introduced the audience and the Bauers to another character that stayed on the show until September 1984, Hillary Kincaid, R. N. (Bauer), Bill's daughter, and thus Ed and Mike's half-sister. (Bill had accidentally killed the man that Hillary originally thought was her father, but was actually her step-father.)

Jerome and Bridget Dobson killed off the show's young heroine, Leslie Jackson Bauer Norris Bauer, in June 1976, when [[Lynne Adams]] left the show. Leslie was killed in a hit and run accident by Spence Jeffries, estranged husband of Mike’s secretary Anne. Her father, Steve Jackson, remained on the show for the remainder of the 1970s, serving as a senior physician at Cedars, and as a friend and companion to Bert Bauer.

In November 1975, the name was changed in the show's opening and closing visuals from ''The Guiding Light'' to ''Guiding Light''. On November 7, 1977, the show expanded to a full hour and was broadcast from 2:30 to 3:30 pm daily.

===1980s===
{{Main|Guiding Light (1980–1989)}}

[[Bridget and Jerome Dobson]] moved on to the head writing duties of ''[[As the World Turns]]'' in late 1979. Former actor [[Douglas Marland]] assumed the writing reins of ''Guiding Light'' in 1979. He introduced many new characters, including the Reardon family. During May 1980, ''Guiding Light'' won its first [[Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series|Outstanding Drama Series]] [[Daytime Emmy]]. One of Marland's stories featured the character of Carrie Todd Marler, played by [[Jane Elliot]]. Carrie was diagnosed with multiple personalities. Marland had barely delved into her psychosis when Elliot's contract was abruptly terminated by Executive Producer [[Allen M. Potter]] in 1982. As a result, Marland resigned in protest.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.welovesoaps.net/2007/12/flashback-1982-douglas-marland-leaves.html|title=Flashback: 1982 Douglas Marland Leaves GL|first=Roger|last=Newcomb}}</ref>

During the early 1980s, the show began to emphasize younger characters more, as an attempt to compete with the younger-skewing ABC serials. A number of longtime characters were eliminated during this time, including Ben and Eve McFarren, Diane Ballard, Dr. Sara McIntyre, Adam Thorpe, Barbara Norris Thorpe, Justin Marler and Steve Jackson. Actress [[Lenore Kasdorf]] quit the show in 1981, and producers decided not to recast the role of Rita Stapleton Bauer, given how popular Kasdorf had been. The Bauer family matriarch, Bertha 'Bert' Bauer, died in March 1986, following the real-life death of [[Charita Bauer]] in 1985. During ''Guiding Light's'' 50th anniversary year in 1987, a commitment was pledged to showcase the Bauer family in primary roles as much as possible, after audience reaction to the Oklahoma-bred Lewis and Shayne families turned out to be mixed.<ref name="gl50" /> As a result, the tradition of the Bauer July 4 family barbecue began that year, and continued until 2009, the serial's final year on CBS Television.<ref name="gl50" />

[[Pam Long]], actress and writer for NBC's ''[[Texas (TV series)|Texas]]'' from 1981 to 1982, became head writer during 1983, joined by [[Gail Kobe]] as executive producer. During Long's first stint as writer, the show shifted focus to the young love quadrangle of Rick Bauer, [[Phillip Spaulding]], [[Mindy Lewis]], and [[Beth Raines]]. Bauer, Spaulding, Reardon, and Raines families. Long also introduced several other characters, including [[Alexandra Spaulding]], played by notable daytime actress [[Beverlee McKinsey]], of ''[[Another World (TV series)|Another World]]'' and ''[[Texas (TV series)|Texas]]'' fame; and [[Reva Shayne]], played by [[Kim Zimmer]]. After a break, Pamela K. Long returned for a second head writer stint from 1987 to 1990.

The characters of [[Roger Thorpe and Holly Norris]] returned to the series during the late 1980s. [[Maureen Garrett]] reprised her role of Holly in 1988, followed by [[Michael Zaslow]] as Roger in 1989.

===1990s===
{{Main|Guiding Light (1990–1999)}}
With the new decade, the series' storytelling transitioned from Long's homespun style to a more realistic style with a new group of chief writers. The Bauer, Spaulding, Lewis, and Cooper families had been established as core families, and most major plot developments concerned them. The show generally held on in the middle of the pack as far as ratings went throughout the decade.

The show experienced a series of challenges in 1993, including the exit of three of the show's leading actresses – [[Beverlee McKinsey]], [[Kimberley Simms]], and [[Sherry Stringfield]] – within the space of a few months. In particular, McKinsey's Alexandra had been a catalyst for several stories. The decision to kill off the character of Maureen Bauer proved deeply unpopular with the audience, and is often cited as one of the show's biggest mistakes.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.tvinsider.com/2674/young-and-the-restless-jill-farren-phelps-chuck-pratt-interview-part-1/ | title=The Most Polarizing Pair in Soaps: Execs Jill Farren Phelps and Chuck Pratt on the State of the Young and the Restless | date=May 7, 2015 }}</ref>

Executive producer [[Jill Farren Phelps]] cast a number of actors she'd worked with at other shows, particularly at ''Santa Barbara'', in new roles at GL. Among them: [[Justin Deas]], in the role of long lost Cooper patriarch Buzz; and [[Marj Dusay]] as the new actress to play Alexandra Spaulding.

In 1994, the show brought former ''Santa Barbara'' actress [[Marcy Walker]] to the canvas to play antiheroine Tangie Hill, but the pairing of Tangie with Josh Lewis proved unpopular, and Walker decided not to renew her contract<ref>HIRSCH, LYNDA. "SABATINO OF 'B&B' A SOAP VETERAN." Sun-Sentinel 29 Jul. 1995, ALL, LIFESTYLE: 4D. NewsBank. Web. 3 Jul. 2013.</ref>

In 1995, ''Guiding Light'' brought back fan favorite Nola Chamberlain, played by [[Lisa Brown (actress)|Lisa Brown]]. However, Nola returning to the canvas on her own without husband Quinton Chamberlain was unpopular with viewers. Soap opera veteran [[Mary Stuart (actress)|Mary Stuart]] joined the cast in 1996 as Meta Bauer (though referred to many times over the years, the character originally played by [[Ellen Demming]] had not been seen onscreen since 1974); the character remained on the show until Stuart's death during 2002.

As the decade progressed, ''Guiding Light'' began to feature stories with more outlandish plot twists, seemingly to compete with shows like ''[[Passions]]'' and ''[[Days of Our Lives]]''.
A number of these stories involved the character of Reva Shayne, played by [[Kim Zimmer]]. Reva had been presumed dead for the previous five years, after having driven her car off of a bridge and into the water off the [[Florida Keys]].

The outlandish plots for Reva included her time as an amnesiac Amish woman, the former queen of San Cristobel, and a story where Reva experienced time travel. The most notable of these plot twists was when Josh, believing again that Reva had died, had her cloned.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://soaps.sheknows.com/soaps/news/605739/guiding-light-clone-reva-dolly-dies-anniversary/ | title=Almost a Quarter of a Century After the End of One of Daytime's Wildest Plots, We Reevaluate its Heartbreaking Conclusion — and Rank Soaps' All-Time Craziest Storylines in a New Photo Album | date=August 11, 2021 }}</ref>

===2000s===
{{Main|Guiding Light (2000–2009)}}

The 2000s began with the division of the show into two locales: Springfield and the fictional island nation of San Cristobel. In Springfield, the Santos mob dynasty created much of the drama. Meanwhile, the royal Winslow family had their own series of intrigues with which to deal. During 2002, however, San Cristobel was eliminated from the series and the mob's influence in the story was subsequently diminished and, with the departure of character Danny Santos during 2005, eliminated altogether. Also, ''Guiding Light'' celebrated its 50th anniversary as a television show on June 30, 2002.

During 2004, former director and actress [[Ellen Wheeler]] (Emmy Award winner as an actress for the series ''[[All My Children]]'' and ''[[Another World (TV series)|Another World]]'') took over as executive producer of ''Guiding Light.'' She and writer [[David Kreizman]] made numerous changes to the sets, stories, and the cast. Several veteran actors were eliminated, mainly because of budget decreases. Because of the lack of veteran influence, Wheeler reemphasized the youth of Springfield, especially the controversial pairing of cousins Jonathan and Tammy.

During 2006, an episode featured character Harley Cooper gaining heroic abilities. The episode was semi-continued in an 8-page story in select [[Marvel Comics]] productions.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/31/arts/television/31guid.html?_r=1&ref=arts | work=The New York Times | title=Pulpy TV and Soapy Comics Find a Lot to Agree On | date=October 31, 2006 | access-date=May 4, 2010}}</ref>

The series had its 70th broadcast anniversary during 2007. The anniversary was commemorated with the initiation of website FindYourLight.net and a program of outreach, representing Irna Phillips' original message. There was also a special episode during January 2007, with current cast members playing Phillips and some of the earlier cast members. The series also introduced special beginning credits commemorating the anniversary. The show had a rotating slate of writers, including veteran GL writers Lucky Gold, Chris Dunn, and [[Jill Lorie Hurst]], who was eventually named head writer.

Despite low ratings, the show won 2007 Daytime Emmy Awards for Best Writing and Best Show (sharing Best Show with'' [[The Young and the Restless]]'').

====Cancellation and final episode====
On April 1, 2009, CBS announced that it would not renew ''Guiding Light'', and the last broadcast date would be September 18, 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 September 2009 |title=Guiding Light, Snuffed: Scene From A Dying Daytime Drama |website=[[The New York Observer]] |url=https://observer.com/2009/09/guiding-light-snuffed-scene-from-a-dying-daytime-drama/ |access-date=30 March 2022 |archive-date=28 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628092204/https://observer.com/2009/09/guiding-light-snuffed-scene-from-a-dying-daytime-drama/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Because April 1 is also [[April Fools' Day]], a day heavily associated with jokes and pranks, many people—even some of the cast and crew members—did not believe the news, thinking that it was another April Fools' Day prank.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 September 2009 |title=Guiding Light, Snuffed: Scene From A Dying Daytime Drama |website=[[The New York Observer]] |url=https://observer.com/2009/09/guiding-light-snuffed-scene-from-a-dying-daytime-drama/ |access-date=30 March 2022 |archive-date=28 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628092204/https://observer.com/2009/09/guiding-light-snuffed-scene-from-a-dying-daytime-drama/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Procter & Gamble initially announced that they would attempt to find another outlet to distribute the series, but later admitted that they had been unsuccessful in doing so, and that on September 18, 2009, after 57 years on television (preceded by 15 years on radio for a total broadcast history of 72 years), ''Guiding Light'' would end its broadcast history on CBS.

Storylines were resolved in the final weeks of the series, and numerous characters from the series' past passed through Springfield one last time. Among the returnees were the characters of Nola, Holly and Mindy; Josh told Reva that he was leaving Springfield for a job for the next year, but proposes that he return one year from that date and, if by that time, she wants to reunite with him, she should meet him at the lighthouse and, if she is not there, he will assume she is not interested.

The final episode is pleasant, featuring many of the characters gathering in the park for a large picnic. Toward the end of the episode, it jumps forward one year, by which time, Phillip and Beth have reunited, as have Rick and Mindy. Olivia and Natalia, happy with their new baby, pick up Rafe as he returns from the army. The episode concludes with Josh arriving at the lighthouse, as promised, and finding Reva there. They declare their undying love. James, Ashlee, and Daisy leave Springfield and relocate to [[Santa Barbara, California|Santa Barbara]], [[California]]. Josh asks if Reva is packed, to go on an adventure. The two grab the luggage, and with Reva's young son, they climb into Josh's [[pick-up truck]]. Josh says to Reva, "You ready?" She replies "always," a callback to her promise of "Always, Bud" that Reva uttered to Josh many times on the show. As the truck drives away with the [[lighthouse]] in the background, ''"The End"'' appears on the screen before a final fadeout. The song heard playing in the background during the final scene is "Together" by [[Michelle Branch]].<ref name="chicagotribune.com">{{Cite web |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/chi-tc-bonus-guiding-finale-0918.ar0sep19,0,3667853.story |author=Moore, Frazier |date=September 19, 2009 |title=Associated Press report |website=[[Chicago Tribune]] |access-date=September 19, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090922170341/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/chi-tc-bonus-guiding-finale-0918.ar0sep19,0,3667853.story |archive-date=September 22, 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The final episode also included the original tag line, with some revision, printed on the screen with the words "There is a destiny that makes us FAMILY" (replacing the word 'brothers'), as well as quick film clips of each of the show's title cards and announcers during the nearly six decades it was on television, leading to the show's former long-time beginning announcement: "And now, ''The Guiding Light''".