Editing Guild (section)

== Early history ==
{{Main|Collegium (ancient Rome)}}

[[Naram-Sin of Akkad]] ({{Circa|2254}}–2218 BC), grandson of [[Sargon of Akkad]] who had unified [[Sumeria]] and [[Assyria]] into the [[Akkadian Empire]], promulgated [[Ancient Mesopotamian units of measurement|common Mesopotamian standards]] for length, area, volume, weight, time, and [[shekel]]s, which were used by [[artisan]] guilds in each city.<ref name="Powell 1995, p.1955">{{Cite book|last=Powell|first=Marvin A.|contribution=Metrology and Mathematics in Ancient Mesopotamia|year=1995|title=Civilizations of the Ancient Near East|editor-last=Sasson|editor-first=Jack M.|volume=III|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780684192796/page/1955 1955]|place=New York, NY|publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons|isbn=0-684-19279-9|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780684192796/page/1955}}</ref> [[Code of Hammurabi#Laws|Code of Hammurabi Law 234]] ({{Circa|1755–1750 BC}}) stipulated a 2-shekel wage for each 60-[[Ancient Mesopotamian units of measurement#Capacity or volume|gur]] (300-[[bushel]]) [[Merchant vessel|vessel]] constructed in an employment contract between a shipbuilder and a ship-owner.<ref name="Sommer 1903 p. 85">{{cite journal|translator-last=Sommer|translator-first=Otto|author=Hammurabi|author-link=Hammurabi|title=Code of Hammurabi, King of Babylon|year=1903|journal=Records of the Past|place=[[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]]|publisher=[[Records of the Past Exploration Society]]|volume=2|issue=3|page=[https://archive.org/details/cu31924060109703/page/n25/mode/2up 85]|access-date=June 20, 2021|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924060109703/mode/2up|quote=234. If a shipbuilder builds ... as a present [compensation].}}</ref><ref name="Harper 1904 p. 85">{{cite web|translator-last=Harper|translator-first=Robert Francis|author=Hammurabi|author-link=Hammurabi|year=1904|title=Code of Hammurabi, King of Babylon|place=[[Chicago]]|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|edition=2nd|page=[https://oll.libertyfund.org/title/hammurabi-the-code-of-hammurabi#lf0762_label_457 83]|website=[[Liberty Fund]]|url=https://oll-resources.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/oll3/store/titles/1276/0762_Bk.pdf|access-date=June 20, 2021|quote=§234. If a boatman build ... silver as his wage.}}</ref><ref name="King 1910">{{cite web|translator-last=King|translator-first=Leonard William|author=Hammurabi|author-link=Hammurabi|year=1910|title=Code of Hammurabi, King of Babylon|place=[[New Haven, Connecticut|New Haven, CT]]|publisher=[[Yale Law School]]|website=[[Avalon Project]]|url=https://avalon.law.yale.edu/ancient/hamframe.asp|access-date=June 20, 2021}}</ref> Law 275 stipulated a [[ferry]] rate of 3-[[gerah]] per day on a [[charterparty]] between a [[Chartering (shipping)|ship charterer]] and a [[Sea captain|shipmaster]]. Law 276 stipulated a 2{{frac|1|2}}-gerah per day [[freight rate]] on a [[Affreightment|contract of affreightment]] between a charterer and shipmaster, while Law 277 stipulated a {{frac|1|6}}-shekel per day freight rate for a 60-gur vessel.<ref name="Sommer 1903 p. 88">{{cite journal|translator-last=Sommer|translator-first=Otto|author=Hammurabi|author-link=Hammurabi|title=Code of Hammurabi, King of Babylon|year=1903|journal=Records of the Past|place=[[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]]|publisher=[[Records of the Past Exploration Society]]|volume=2|issue=3|page=[https://archive.org/details/cu31924060109703/page/n29/mode/2up 88]|access-date=June 20, 2021|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924060109703/mode/2up|quote=275. If anyone hires a ... day as rent therefor.}}</ref><ref name="Harper 1904 p. 95">{{cite web|translator-last=Harper|translator-first=Robert Francis|author=Hammurabi|author-link=Hammurabi|year=1904|title=Code of Hammurabi, King of Babylon|place=[[Chicago]]|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|edition=2nd|page=[https://oll.libertyfund.org/title/hammurabi-the-code-of-hammurabi#lf0762_label_497 95]|website=[[Liberty Fund]]|url=https://oll-resources.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/oll3/store/titles/1276/0762_Bk.pdf|access-date=June 20, 2021|quote=§275. If a man hire ... its hire per day.}}</ref><ref name="King 1910" />

A type of guild was known in [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] times. Known as ''[[Collegium (ancient Rome)|collegium]]'', ''collegia'' or ''corpus'', these were organised groups of merchants who specialised in a particular craft and whose membership of the group was voluntary. One such example is the ''corpus naviculariorum'', a collegium of [[Merchant navy|merchant mariners]] based at Rome's [[Ostia Antica|La Ostia port]]. The Roman guilds failed to survive the [[Fall of the Western Roman Empire|collapse]] of the [[Roman Empire]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Epstein|first=Steven A.|year=1995|title=Wage Labor and Guilds in Medieval Europe|place=[[Chapel Hill, North Carolina|Chapel Hill, NC]]|publisher=[[University of North Carolina Press]]|pages=10–49|isbn=978-0807844984}}</ref>

A ''collegium'' was any association or [[corporation]] that acted as a [[Legal person|legal entity]]. In 1816, an archeological excavation in [[Minya, Egypt]] produced a [[Nerva–Antonine dynasty]]-era (second-century AD) clay tablet from the ruins of the [[Antinous#Deification and the cult of Antinous|Temple of Antinous]] in [[Antinoöpolis]], [[Roman Egypt|Aegyptus]] that [[Articles of association|prescribed the rules]] and [[Benefit society|membership dues]] of a [[burial society]] ''collegium'' established in [[Lanuvium]], [[Roman Italy|Italia]] in approximately 133 AD.<ref>{{cite book|year=1915|title=The Documentary History of Insurance, 1000 B.C.–1875 A.D.|publisher=[[Prudential Financial|Prudential Press]]|place=[[Newark, New Jersey|Newark, NJ]]|pages=[https://archive.org/details/cu31924030231736/page/n7/mode/2up 5–6]|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924030231736/mode/2up|access-date=June 15, 2021}}</ref> Following the passage of the ''[[Lex Julia]]'' in 45 BC, and its reaffirmation during the reign of [[Augustus|Caesar Augustus]] (27 BC–14 AD), ''collegia'' required the approval of the [[Roman Senate]] or the [[Roman emperor|emperor]] in order to be [[Charter|authorized as legal bodies]].<ref name="de Ligt 2001">{{Cite journal|last=de Ligt|first=L.|date=2001|title=D. 47,22, 1, pr.-1 and the Formation of Semi-Public "Collegia"|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41539517|journal=Latomus|volume=60|issue=2|pages=346–349|jstor=41539517|issn=0023-8856}}</ref> Ruins at [[Lambaesis]] date the formation of burial societies among Roman soldiers and [[Roman navy|mariners]] to the reign of [[Septimius Severus]] (193–211) in 198 AD.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ginsburg|first=Michael|year=1940|title=Roman military clubs and their social functions|journal=[[Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association]]|volume=71|pages=149–156|doi=10.2307/283119|jstor=283119}}</ref> In September 2011, archeological investigations done at the site of an artificial harbor in Rome, the [[Portus]], revealed inscriptions in a shipyard constructed during the reign of [[Trajan]] (98–117) indicating the existence of a shipbuilders guild.<ref>{{cite news|last=Welsh|first=Jennifer|date=September 23, 2011|title=Huge Ancient Roman Shipyard Unearthed in Italy|website=[[Live Science]]|publisher=[[Future plc|Future]]|url=http://www.livescience.com/16201-rome-ancient-shipyard.html|access-date=June 23, 2021}}</ref> ''Collegia'' also included [[Fraternity|fraternities]] of [[Religion in ancient Rome|priests]] overseeing [[Religion in ancient Rome#Sacrifice|sacrifice]]s, practicing [[augury]], keeping religious texts, arranging [[Roman festivals|festivals]], and maintaining specific [[Imperial cult of ancient Rome|religious cults]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lintott|first=Andrew|title=The Constitution of the Roman Republic|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=1999|location=Oxford|pages=183–186|isbn=978-0198150688}}</ref>