Editing Guru Angad (section)

==Biography==
===Early life===
Angad was born on 31 March 1504 with the birth name of Lehna (also transliterated as Lahina) in the village of [[Sarai Naga|Matte-di-Sarai]] (now Sarainaga) in [[Sri Muktsar Sahib district|Muktsar district]] of the [[Punjab]] region.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guru Angad Sahib (Sri Guru Angad Dev Ji) |url=https://sgpc.net/ten-guru-sahibs/guru-angad-sahib/ |website=SGPC (Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee)(Supreme Gurdwara Management Committee) official website.}}</ref><ref name="Mandair2013p35">{{cite book|author=Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair|title=Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdhLAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA35 |year=2013|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|isbn=978-1-4411-0231-7|pages=35–37}}</ref><ref name="Fenech2014p36">{{cite book|author1=Louis E. Fenech|author2=W. H. McLeod|title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA36 |year=2014|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1|page=36}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Jain |first=Harish C. |title=The Making of Punjab |publisher=Unistar Books |year=2003 |pages=271–272}}</ref> He was the son of a small but successful trader named Pheru Mal.<ref name=":8" /> His mother's name was Mata Ramo (also known as Mata Sabhirai, Mansa Devi and Daya Kaur).<ref name="eos">{{cite web |url=http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/index.aspx |title=Guru Angad |last1=McLeod |first1=W.H.|website=Encyclopaedia of Sikhism |publisher=Punjabi University Punjabi |access-date=30 September 2015}}</ref> His grandfather was named Baba Narayan Das Trehan.<ref name=":8" /> Like all the Sikh Gurus, Lehna came from [[Khatri]] caste and specifically the Trehan [[gotra]] (clan).<ref>{{cite book | last=Shackle | first=Christopher |author2=Mandair, Arvind-Pal Singh | year=2005 | title=Teachings of the Sikh Gurus: Selections from the Sikh Scriptures | publisher=Routledge  | location=United Kingdom | isbn = 0-415-26604-1 | page=xv}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fenech |first1=Louis E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ |title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism |last2=McLeod |first2=W. H. |date=11 June 2014 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1 |page=189 |language=en |quote=LAHINA (1504–1552). A Trehan Khatri of Khadur who became a disci- ple of Nanak. He was later renamed Angad and succeeded Nanak as the Second Guru of the Sikhs in 1539.}}</ref>

At age 16, Lehna married a Khatri girl named [[Khivi]] in January 1520. They had two sons, Datu (b. 1535) and Dasu (b. 1542), and one or two daughters, Amro (b. 1526) and Anokhi (b. 1535), depending on the primary sources.<ref name=eos/><ref name=":8" /> The entire family of his father had left their ancestral village in fear of the invasion of [[Babur]]'s armies. After this the family settled at [[Khadur Sahib]], a village by the [[River Beas]] near what is now [[Tarn Taran Sahib|Tarn Taran]].

Before becoming a disciple of Guru Nanak and following the Sikh way of life as Angad, Lehna was a religious teacher of Khadur and a [[Hindu priest|priest]] at a [[Hindu temple|temple]] dedicated to the goddess [[Durga]].<ref name="Fenech2014p36"/><ref name="ColeSambhi1995p18">{{cite book |author1=William Owen Cole |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIC_MgJ5RMUC&pg=PA18 |title=The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices |author2=Piara Singh Sambhi |publisher=Sussex Academic Press |year=1995 |isbn=978-1-898723-13-4 |pages=18–20 |quote=Guru Angad became a Sikh sometime after Guru Nanak settled at Kartarpur. He was a Khatri of the Trehan got, from the village of Matta di Sarai, in the Ferozepur district, who, on his marriage to Khivi, the daughter of a Khatri, moved to her village of Khadur where he became priest of the temple of Durga. He met the Guru with a group of villagers and decided to join him in Kartarpur. He and his family moved to be with him. He is said to have been born in 1504, but neither the date of his conversion nor that of his installation is known. He became Guru on the death of the first Master in 1539 and died in 1552.}}</ref><ref name=eos/><ref name=":8" /> His family had also been worshipers of Durga.<ref name=":8" /> He also embarked on many religious pilgrimages.<ref name=":8" /> On one of these pilgrimages, he happened to pass by the settlement of [[Kartarpur, Pakistan|Kartarpur]], that had been established by Nanak, on the way to his ultimate destination.<ref name=":8" /> It is said that a dialogue then occurred there between Lehna and Nanak, in-which the former was left with a deeply positive impression of the latter.<ref name=":8" /> Thereafter, Lehna remained at Kartarpur for six years serving his newfound spiritual master.<ref name=":8" />

Lehna in his late 20s sought out Guru Nanak, became his disciple, and displayed deep and loyal service to his [[Guru]] for about six to seven years in Kartarpur and renounced the Hindu way of life.<ref name="eos" /><ref>{{cite book|last1=Sikka|first1=A.S.|title=Complete Poetical Works of Ajit Singh Sikka|date=2003|publisher=Atlantic Publishers and Distribution|page=951}}</ref>

===Selection as successor===
[[File:Gurdwara Baba Atal fresco 47.jpg|thumb|[[Guru Gaddi|Gurgadi ceremony]] of Angad being proclaimed as the next guru. Fresco from [[Gurdwara Baba Atal]], Amritsar.]]
Several stories in the Sikh tradition describe reasons why Lehna was chosen by Guru Nanak over his own sons as his choice of successor. One of these stories is about a jug which fell into mud, and Nanak asked his sons to pick it up. Nanak's sons would not pick it up because it was too dirty or menial a task. Then he asked Lehna, who however picked it out of the mud, washed it clean, and presented it to Nanak full of water.<ref name="Cole 1978 18">{{cite book | last=Cole | first=W. Owen | author2=Sambhi, Piara Singh | year=1978 | title=The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices | publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul | location=London | isbn=0-7100-8842-6 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/sikhs00cole/page/18 18] | no-pp=true | url=https://archive.org/details/sikhs00cole/page/18 }}</ref> Lehna was selected as the successor of Guru Nanak on 14 June 1539 but his formal installation ceremony occurred later that year on 7 September 1539.<ref name=":8" /> Nanak touched him and renamed him Angad (from ''Ang'', or part of the body) and named him as his successor and the second Guru on 7 September 1539.<ref name=eos/><ref name="Fenech2014p22">{{cite book|author1=Pashaura Singh|author2=Louis E. Fenech|title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-969930-8|page=22}}</ref>

After Nanak died on 22 September 1539, Guru Angad unable to bear the separation from Nanak retired into a room in a disciple's house in a state of [[Vairagya]]. [[Baba Buddha]] later discovered him after a long search and requested him to return for Guruship.<ref name=":srigranth83">{{cite web|title=Sri Guru Granth Sahib, ang 83|url=http://www.srigranth.org/servlet/gurbani.gurbani?Action=Page&id=3336&Param=83#l3336}}</ref> The [[Gurbani]] uttered at the time, "Die before the one whom you love, to live after he dies is to live a worthless life in this world".<ref name=":srigranth83" />

[[File:Historical photograph of Gurdwara Sri Khadur Sahib, ca.1920's. Published in the 1930 first edition of Mahan Kosh by Kahn Singh Nabha.jpg|thumb|Historical photograph of Gurdwara Sri Khadur Sahib, ca.1920's. Published in the 1930 first edition of Mahan Kosh by Kahn Singh Nabha.]]

Angad later left Kartarpur for the village of Khadur Sahib (near Goindwal Sahib). Post succession, at one point, very few Sikhs accepted Guru Angad as their leader while the sons of Nanak claimed to be the successors. Angad focused on the teachings of Nanak, and building the community through charitable works such as [[Langar (Sikhism)|langar]].<ref name="Fenech2014p41">{{cite book|author1=Pashaura Singh|author2=Louis E. Fenech|title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-969930-8|pages=41–44}}</ref>

===Relationship with the Mughal Empire===
The second [[Mughal Emperor]] of India [[Humayun]] visited Guru Angad at around 1540 after Humayun lost the [[Battle of Kannauj]], and thereby the Mughal throne to [[Sher Shah Suri]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Pashaura|last2=Fenech|first2=Louis|title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies|date=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=9780191004124|page=41|edition=First}}</ref> According to Sikh hagiographies, when Humayun arrived in Gurdwara Mal Akhara Sahib at [[Khadur Sahib]], Angad was sitting and teaching children.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Ajit |title=Suraj Prakash Granth part 5 ras 4 |date=2005 |isbn=81-7601-685-3 |page=177}}</ref> The failure to greet the Emperor immediately angered Humayun. Humayun lashed out but the Guru reminded him that the time when you needed to fight when you lost your throne you ran away and did not fight and now you want to attack a person engaged in prayer.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Gurpreet|title=Ten Masters|date=2001|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd.|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788171829460|page=53}}</ref> In the Sikh texts written more than a century after the event, Angad is said to have blessed the emperor, and reassured him that someday he will regain the throne.<ref name="Fenech2014p41"/>

===Death and successor===
[[File:Fresco of Guru Angad from above the entrance of the Baoli Sahib located in Goindwal.jpg|thumb|Fresco of the second Sikh Guru at Baoli Sahib, [[Goindval]]]]

Before his death, Guru Angad, following the example set by Guru Nanak, nominated [[Guru Amar Das]] as his successor. Amar Das was born into a Hindu family and had been reputed to have gone on some twenty pilgrimages into the [[Himalayas]], to [[Haridwar]] on river [[Ganges]]. About 1539, on one such Hindu pilgrimage, he met a ''[[sadhu]]'', or ascetic, who asked him why he did not have a [[guru]] (teacher, spiritual counsellor) and Amar Das decided to get one.<ref name=eosamardas/> On his return, he heard Bibi Amro, the daughter of Angad who had married his brother's son, singing a hymn by Nanak.<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29"/> Amar Das learnt from her about Guru Angad, and with her help met Angad in 1539, adopting Angad as his spiritual Guru, who was much younger than his own age.<ref name=eosamardas/>

Amar Das displayed relentless devotion and service to Guru Angad. Sikh tradition states that he woke up in the early hours to fetch water for Angad's bath, cleaned and cooked for the volunteers with the Guru, as well devoted much time to meditation and prayers in the morning and evening.<ref name=eosamardas/> Angad named Amar Das as his successor in 1552.<ref name=cole20/><ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29">{{cite book|author1=Louis E. Fenech|author2=W. H. McLeod|title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA29|year=2014|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1|pages=29–30}}</ref><ref name="Singha2000p14">{{cite book|author=H. S. Singha|title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 Entries)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C|year=2000|publisher=Hemkunt Press|isbn=978-81-7010-301-1|pages=14–17, 52–56}}</ref> Angad died on 29 March 1552.<ref name=eos/>