Editing Gustav Radbruch (section)

==Life==
Born in [[Free City of Lübeck|Lübeck]], Radbruch studied law in [[University of Munich|Munich]], [[University of Leipzig|Leipzig]] and [[University of Berlin|Berlin]]. He passed his first bar exam ("[[Staatsexamen]]") in Berlin in 1901, and the following year he received his doctorate with a dissertation on "The Theory of Adequate Causation". This was followed in 1903 by his qualification to teach criminal law in [[University of Heidelberg|Heidelberg]]. In 1904, he was appointed Professor of criminal and trial law and legal philosophy at Heidelberg. In 1914 he accepted a call to a professorship in [[University of Königsberg|Königsberg]], and later that year assumed a professorship at [[University of Kiel|Kiel]].<ref name=DHM>{{cite web|url=https://www.dhm.de/lemo/Biografie/gustav-radbruch|title=Biografie Gustav Radbruch (German)|publisher=Deutsches Historisches Museum|access-date=24 October 2014}}</ref>
<ref name=Bio>{{cite web|url=http://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz97652.html|title=Biografie Gustav Radbruch(German)|publisher=Bayerische Staatsbibliothek|access-date=24 October 2014}}</ref>

Radbruch was a member of the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany]] (SPD), and held a seat in the [[Reichstag (Weimar Republic)|Reichstag]] from 1920 to 1924. In 1921–22 and throughout 1923, he was minister of justice in the cabinets of [[Joseph Wirth]] and [[Gustav Stresemann]]. During his time in office, a number of important laws were implemented, such as those giving women access to the justice system, and, after the assassination of Foreign Minister [[Walther Rathenau]], the [[Law for the Protection of the Republic]], which increased the punishments for politically motivated acts of violence and banned organizations that opposed the "constitutional republican form of government" along with their printed matter and meetings.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Vor 100 Jahren: Reichstag verabschiedet Gesetz zum Schutz der Republik |trans-title=100 Years Ago: The Reichstag Adopts the Law for the Protection of the Republic |url=https://www.bundestag.de/dokumente/textarchiv/2022/kw28-kalenderblatt-18-juli-902944 |access-date=14 September 2023 |website=Deutscher Bundestag, Online-Dienste |language=de}}</ref>

In 1926, Radbruch accepted a renewed call to lecture at Heidelberg where he delivered his inaugural lecture entitled "''Der Mensch im Recht'' (Law's Image of the Human)" as the newly appointed Professor of Criminal Law on 13 November 1926.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Radbruch|first=Gustav|title=Law's Image of the Human|year=2020|translator-last=Jeutner|translator-first=Valentin|journal=Oxford Journal of Legal Studies|volume=40|issue=4|pages=667–681|pmid=33536836|pmc=7839934|doi=10.1093/ojls/gqaa026|doi-access=free}}</ref> After the [[Machtergreifung|Nazi seizure of power]] in January 1933, Radbruch, as a former [[History of the Social Democratic Party of Germany|Social Democratic politician]], was dismissed from his university post under the terms of the [[Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service|so-called "Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service" ("Gesetz zur Wiederherstellung des Berufsbeamtentums"]], as universities, similar to public bodies, were subject to civil service laws and regulations. Despite the employment ban in [[Nazi Germany]], during 1935/36 he was able to spend a year in England, at [[University College, Oxford]]. An important practical outcome of this was his book, ''Der Geist des englischen Rechts'' (The Spirit of English Law), although this could be published only in 1945.<ref name=GRlautRA>{{cite web|url=https://www.uni-kiel.de/grosse-forscher/index.php?nid=radbruch&lang=e|last=Alexy|first=Robert|author-link=Robert Alexy|title=Gustav Radbruch|website=Kiel University:History of the University:Famous scholars from Kiel|publisher=Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel|access-date=16 September 2021}}</ref> During the Nazi period, he devoted himself primarily to cultural-historical work.

Immediately after the end of the [[Second World War]] in 1945, he resumed his teaching activities, but died in [[Heidelberg]] in 1949 without being able to complete his planned updated edition of his textbook on legal philosophy.

In September 1945, Radbruch published a short paper "Fünf Minuten Rechtsphilosophie" (Five Minutes of Legal Philosophy), which was influential in shaping the [[jurisprudence of values]] (''Wertungsjurisprudenz''), prevalent in the aftermath of World War II as a reaction against [[legal positivism]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Radbruch|first=Gustav|title=Five Minutes of Legal Philosophy (1945)|translator1-last=Litschewski Paulson|translator1-first=Bonnie|translator2-last=Paulson|translator2-first=Stanley L.|journal=Oxford Journal of Legal Studies|year=2006|volume=26|pages=13–15|doi=10.1093/ojls/gqi042}}</ref><ref>See also {{cite journal|last=Radbruch|first=Gustav|title=Statutory Lawlessness and Supra-Statutory Law (1946)|translator1-last=Litschewski Paulson|translator1-first=Bonnie|translator2-last=Paulson|translator2-first=Stanley L.|journal=Oxford Journal of Legal Studies|year=2006|volume=26|pages=1–11|doi=10.1093/ojls/gqi041}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Paulson|first=Stanley L.|title=On the Background and Significance of Gustav Radbruch's Post-War Papers|journal=Oxford Journal of Legal Studies|year=2006|volume=26|pages=17–40|doi=10.1093/ojls/gqi043}}</ref>