Editing Guttural (section)

==Meaning and etymology==

The word ''guttural'' literally means 'of the throat' (from [[Latin]] ''guttur'', meaning [[throat]]), and was first used by phoneticians to describe the Hebrew glottal {{IPAblink|ʔ}} (א) and {{IPAblink|h}} (ה), uvular {{IPAblink|χ}} (ח), and pharyngeal {{IPAblink|ʕ}} (ע).<ref>See [[Oxford English Dictionary]] entry</ref>

The term is commonly used non-technically by English speakers to refer to sounds that subjectively appear harsh or grating. This definition usually includes a number of consonants that are not used in English, such as epiglottal {{IPAblink|ʜ}} and {{IPAblink|ʡ}}, uvular {{IPA|[χ]}}, {{IPAblink|ʁ}} and {{IPAblink|q}}, and velar fricatives {{IPAblink|x}} and {{IPAblink|ɣ}}. However, it usually excludes sounds used in English, such as the velar stops {{IPAblink|k}} and {{IPAblink|ɡ}}, the velar nasal {{IPAblink|ŋ}}, and the glottal consonants {{IPA|[h]}} and {{IPA|[ʔ]}}.<ref>McCarthy, John J. 1989. 'Guttural Phonology', ms., University of Massachusetts, Amherst.</ref><ref>McCarthy, John J. Forthcoming. 'Guttural Transparency', ms., University of Massachusetts, Amherst.</ref>