Editing Gynandromorphism (section)

== Occurrence ==
Gynandromorphism has been noted in [[Lepidoptera]] (butterflies and moths) since the 1700s.<ref name="Rudolphi">{{cite journal |last1=Rudolphi |first1=Karl Asmund |title=Beschreibung einer seltenen menschlichen Zwitterbildung nebst vorangeschickten allgemeinen Bemerkungen über Zwitter-Thiere |journal=Abhandlungen der Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin |date=1828 |pages=45–69 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2WFDAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA45 |language=de}}</ref><ref name="Packard1875">{{cite journal |last1=Packard |first1=Alpheus Spring |title=On Gynandromorphism in the Lepidoptera |journal=Memoirs Read Before the Boston Society of Natural History |date=1875 |volume=2 |pages=409–412 |url=https://archive.org/details/memoirsreadbefor02bost/page/n443/mode/2up}}</ref><ref name="Pavid">{{cite web |last1=Pavid |first1=Katie |title=Beauty of the dual-gender butterfly |url=https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/beauty-dual-gender-butterfly.html |publisher=Natural History Museum |access-date=11 May 2021}}</ref> It has also been observed in [[crustaceans]], such as [[lobsters]] and [[crabs]], in [[spider]]s,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Suzuki|first1=Yuya|last2=Kuramitsu|first2=Kazumu|last3=Yokoi|first3=Tomoyuki|date=2019-06-14|title=Morphology and sex-specific behavior of a gynandromorphic ''Myrmarachne formicaria'' (Araneae: Salticidae) spider|journal=The Science of Nature|language=en|volume=106|issue=7|pages=34|doi=10.1007/s00114-019-1625-x|pmid=31201570|bibcode=2019SciNa.106...34S|s2cid=189819156|issn=1432-1904|hdl=2241/00159248|url=https://tsukuba.repo.nii.ac.jp/?action=repository_uri&item_id=53830|hdl-access=free}}</ref> [[tick]]s,<ref name="Labruna">{{cite journal |last1=Labruna |first1=M. B. |last2=Ribeiro |first2=A. F. |last3=Cruz |first3=M. V. |last4=Camargo |first4=L. M A. |last5=Camargo |first5=E. P. |title=Gynandromorphism in ''Amblyomma cajennense'' and ''Rhipicephalus sanguineus'' (Acari: Ixodidae) |journal=Journal of Parasitology |date=August 2002 |volume=88 |issue=4 |pages=810–811 |doi=10.1645/0022-3395(2002)088[0810:GIACAR]2.0.CO;2|pmid=12197141 |s2cid=26299983 }}</ref> [[fly|flies]],<ref name="Morgan1914">{{cite journal |last1=Morgan |first1=T. H. |title=Mosaics and gynandromorphs in Drosophila |journal=Experimental Biology and Medicine |date=1 June 1914 |volume=11 |issue=6 |pages=171–172 |doi=10.3181/00379727-11-105|s2cid=87401593 }}</ref> [[locust]]s,<ref name="Maeno">{{cite journal |last1=Maeno |first1=Koutaro |last2=Tanaka |first2=Seiji |title=Morphological and behavioural characteristics of a gynandromorph of the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria |journal=Physiological Entomology |date=September 2007 |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=294–299 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-3032.2007.00573.x|s2cid=85317122 }}</ref> [[Cricket (insect)|crickets]],<ref name="Taniyama">{{cite journal |last1=Taniyama |first1=Katsuya |last2=Onodera |first2=Kaori |last3=Tanaka |first3=Kazuhiro |title=Sexual identity and sexual attractiveness of a gynandromorph of the lawn ground cricket, Polionemobius mikado (Orthoptera: Trigonidiidae): Gynandromorph of Polionemobius mikado |journal=Entomological Science |date=December 2018 |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=423–427 |doi=10.1111/ens.12321|s2cid=91381517 }}</ref> [[dragonfly|dragonflies]],<ref name="Renjith2020">{{cite journal |last1=Renjith |first1=R. V. |last2=Chandran |first2=A. Vivek |title=A record of gynandromorphism in the libellulid dragonfly Crocothemis servilia (Insecta: Odonata) from India |journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa |date=26 June 2020 |volume=12 |issue=9 |pages=16183–16186 |doi=10.11609/jott.5322.12.9.16183-16186|doi-access=free }}</ref> [[ant]]s,<ref name="Donisthorpe">{{cite journal |last1=Donisthorpe |first1=Horace |title=Gynandromorphism in ants |journal=Zoologischer Anzeiger |date=1929 |volume=82 |pages=92–96 |url=http://antbase.org/ants/publications/5762/5762.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Cokendolpher">{{cite journal |last1=Cokendolpher |first1=James C. |last2=Francke |first2=Oscar F. |title=Gynandromorphic Desert Fire Ant, ''Solenopsis aurea'' Wheeler (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) |journal=Journal of the New York Entomological Society |date=1983 |volume=91 |issue=3 |pages=242–245 |jstor=25009362 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25009362 |issn=0028-7199}}</ref> [[termite]]s,<ref name="Miyaguni2017">{{cite journal |last1=Miyaguni |first1=Yasushi |last2=Nozaki |first2=Tomonari |last3=Yashiro |first3=Toshihisa |title=The first report of gynandromorphy in termites (Isoptera; Kalotermitidae; Neotermes koshunensis) |journal=The Science of Nature |date=August 2017 |volume=104 |issue=7–8 |pages=60 |doi=10.1007/s00114-017-1478-0|pmid=28676938 |bibcode=2017SciNa.104...60M |s2cid=21170853 }}</ref> [[bee]]s,<ref name="Lucia2013">{{cite journal |last1=Lucia |first1=Mariano |last2=Gonzalez |first2=Victor. H. |title=A New Gynandromorph of ''Xylocopa frontalis'' with a Review of Gynandromorphism in ''Xylocopa'' (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Xylocopini) |journal=Annals of the Entomological Society of America |date=1 November 2013 |volume=106 |issue=6 |pages=853–856 |doi=10.1603/AN13085|s2cid=84567180 |doi-access=free |hdl=11336/23238 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> [[lizard]]s,<ref name="Mitchell1978">{{cite journal |last1=Mitchell |first1=Joseph C. |last2=Fouquette |first2=M. J. |title=A Gynandromorphic Whiptail Lizard, Cnemidophorus inornatus, from Arizona |journal=Copeia |date=10 February 1978 |volume=1978 |issue=1 |pages=156 |doi=10.2307/1443840|jstor=1443840 }}</ref> [[snake]]s,<ref name="Krohmer1989">{{cite journal |last1=Krohmer |first1=Randolph W. |title=Reproductive Physiology and Behavior of a Gynandromorph Redsided Garter Snake, Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis, from Central Manitoba, Canada |journal=Copeia |date=27 December 1989 |volume=1989 |issue=4 |pages=1064–1068 |doi=10.2307/1446001|jstor=1446001 }}</ref> [[rodent]]s,<ref name="Asdell1942">{{cite journal |last1=Asdell |first1=S. A. |title=The Accessory Reproductive Tract in Mammalian True Hermaphrodites, an Effect of Position |journal=The American Naturalist |date=1942 |volume=76 |issue=762 |pages=75–84 |doi=10.1086/281015 |jstor=2457667 |bibcode=1942ANat...76...75A |s2cid=83563917 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2457667 |issn=0003-0147|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Hollander1956">{{cite journal |last1=Hollander |first1=W. F. |last2=Gowen |first2=John W. |last3=Stadler |first3=Janice |title=A study of 25 gynandromorphic mice of the Bagg albino strain |journal=The Anatomical Record |date=February 1956 |volume=124 |issue=2 |pages=223–243 |doi=10.1002/ar.1091240207|pmid=13302819 |s2cid=21938150 }}</ref> and [[bird]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |last=National Geographic |title=Rare Half Male, Half Female Cardinal Spotted in Pennsylvania |website= [[National Geographic Society]]|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/half-male-half-female-cardinal-pennsylvania |date=2019-07-01 |access-date=2025-03-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |pages=7730–5 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0408350102 |title=Sexually dimorphic expression of trkB, a Z-linked gene, in early posthatch zebra finch brain |year=2005 |first1=Xuqi |last1=Chen |first2=Robert J. |last2=Agate |first3=Yuichiro |last3=Itoh |first4=Arthur P. |last4=Arnold |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=102 |issue=21 |pmid=15894627 |pmc=1140405|bibcode=2005PNAS..102.7730C |doi-access=free}}
*{{cite magazine |author=Laura Wright |date=March 25, 2003 |title=Unique Bird Sheds Light on Sex Differences in the Brain |magazine=[[Scientific American]] |url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=unique-bird-sheds-light-o}}</ref><ref>[[Gouldian finch]]
''Erythrura gouldiae'' [http://users.skynet.be/fa398872/engoulm10.htm Gynandromorph] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060716013321/http://users.skynet.be/fa398872/engoulm10.htm |date=2006-07-16 }}</ref><ref>Powdermill Banding [http://www.westol.com/~banding/Pictorial_Highlights_090605.html Fall 2004] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061231235033/http://www.westol.com/~banding/Pictorial_Highlights_090605.html |date=2006-12-31 }}</ref><ref>A Gender-bender Colored Cardinal, by Tim Wall, Discovery News, 31 May 2011 [http://news.discovery.com/animals/bi-color-cardinal-mystery-110531.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120930101733/http://news.discovery.com/animals/bi-color-cardinal-mystery-110531.html|date=2012-09-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/edinburgh_and_east/8561814.stm|title=Half-cock chicken mystery solved|date=11 March 2010|work=BBC News}}</ref> Although it can be seen in a variety of species, gynandromorphism is notably uncommon.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Martens |first1=Andreas |last2=Wildermuth |first2=Hansruedi |date=1 June 2021 |title=Gynandromorphism and intersexuality in Odonata: a review |url=https://bioone.org/journals/odonatologica/volume-50/issue-1-2/zenodo.4746242/Gynandromorphism-and-intersexuality-in-Odonata-a-review/10.5281/zenodo.4746242.short |journal=Odonatologica |volume=50 |issue=1–2 |pages=65–80 |doi=10.5281/zenodo.4746242.short |doi-broken-date=27 April 2025 |via=BioOne Digital Library}}</ref> Reporting depends on ease of detecting the phenomenon (whether a species displays noticeable sexual dimorphism) and how well-studied a region or organism is. For example, up until 2023 gynandromorphism had been reported in more than 40 bird species, but the vast majority of these are from the [[Palearctic]] and [[Nearctic]]; meanwhile, incidents in species from other regions may go underreported due to lack of data collection.<ref name=Stepniewski2023>{{cite journal| last1=Stępniewski | first1=J. | last2=Surmacki | first2=A. | year=2023 | title=The first case of bilateral gynandromorphic plumage type in the bearded reedling Panurus biarmicus | journal=The European Zoological Journal | volume=90 | issue=2 | pages=643–647 | doi=10.1080/24750263.2023.2231000 | doi-access=free }}</ref>