Editing Haiphong (section)

==History==

===Dynastic Vietnam===
Modern-day Haiphong was the home of Lê Chân, one of the female generals under the command of the [[Trưng Sisters]] who rose against Chinese domination in 40 AD and ruled until their defeat in 43 AD. Lê Chân was known to have established the ''Hải tần Phòng thủ'' (“Defenced Sea-coast”) during the war against general [[Ma Yuan (Han dynasty)|Ma Yuan]] of the [[Han dynasty]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://anhp.vn/nu-tuong-le-chan--va-dau-an-hai-tan-phong-thu-d24921.html | title=Nữ tướng Lê Chân và dấu ấn Hải Tần Phòng Thủ }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://haiphong.gov.vn/tin-tuc-su-kien/Chuong-trinh-FamtripHai-tan-Phong-thu---Goc-nhin-moi-tiep-tuc-gioi-thieu-nhieu-dia-danh-lich-su-va-am-thuc-Hai-Phong-87096.html | title=Chương trình Famtrip"Hải tần Phòng thủ - Góc nhìn mới" tiếp tục giới thiệu nhiều địa danh lịch sử và ẩm thực Hải Phòng &#124; Cổng Thông tin điện tử thành phố Hải phòng }}</ref> 
Centuries later under the reign of [[Nguyễn dynasty|Nguyễn]] Emperor [[Tự Đức]], the area earned the appellation: '''''Hải'''-Dương thương-chính quan-'''phòng''''' ("The trading defensive area of [[Hải Dương Province]]").

[[File:Rue chinoise, Haiphong, Tonkin.jpg|thumb|left|A street in the late 19th century]]
By the 19th century, at the end of Tự Đức's reign, the [[Hang Kenh|Hang Kenh Communal House]] in what is now the city's [[Le Chan District]] was made the administrative seat of [[An Dương District]], restoring its regional importance.<ref name="hphtourism-culture">[http://www.haiphongtourism.gov.vn/about-hai-phong/haiphongs-culture/a.html Haiphong's Culture] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629061433/http://www.haiphongtourism.gov.vn/about-hai-phong/haiphongs-culture/a.html |date=2017-06-29 }}. HaiphongTourism.gov.vn</ref> The area by then had developed into a sizable commercial port.

At the eve of the French conquest in 1881, a [[1881 Haiphong typhoon|typhoon]] ravaged the area, killing about 3,000 people in and around Haiphong. Despite the damages, Haiphong was developed by the French to serve as [[French Indochina|Indochina]]'s main naval base over the ensuing decades.

===Democratic Republic of Vietnam and the Vietnam War===
{{See also|Operation Rolling Thunder|Operation Linebacker |Operation Linebacker II}}

Following the defeat of [[Empire of Japan|Japan]] in [[World War II]], Vietnamese nationalists agitated for independence against French return. French forces landed in Haiphong and encountered resistance which resulted in the deaths of three French soldiers. In retaliation, the French ships, among them the cruiser [[French cruiser Suffren|''Suffren'']], [[Haiphong incident|shelled the city]], setting it ablaze<ref>''Vietnam'' by [[Spencer C. Tucker]], page 47. "On 23 November DebeS delivered an ultimatum to the Vietnamese at Haiphong, ordering them to withdraw from the French section of the city, the Chinese quarter, and the port. He gave them only two hours to reply. When the time was up the French subjected the Vietnamese positions to air, land, and sea bombardment, the bulk of the firepower coming from the three- and eight-inch guns of the French Navy Cruiser Suffren. Only military targets were destroyed and not the Vietnamese quarter as some have claimed. Estimates of the number killed in the shelling and ensuing panic vary widely. Casualties up to 20,000 have been cited. French Admiral Battet later said that no more than 6,000 Vietnamese had died, but in 1981 [[Vũ Quốc Uy|Vu Quoc Uy]], then chairman of the Haiphong municipal committee, told Stanley Karnow that the figure was only 500 to 1,000 dead. Others have put the figure as low as 200".</ref> and precipitating the [[First Indochina War]].<ref>{{in lang|fr}} Maurice Vaïsse, ''L'Armée française dans la guerre d'Indochine (1946–1954) : Adaptation ou inadaptation'', 2000, p. 276</ref><ref>Plon, ''Le General de Gaulle et l'Indochine 1940–1946'', page 210. "In connection with the naval bombardment, let us note that only the ships of small tonnage could go up the river of Haiphong. On November 23, two colonial sloops supported for the first time the French troops with their artillery to a limited effect: the Chevreuil with its double turret, with its two pairs of 100mm, Savorgnan de Brazza with its four turrets each of one 138mm. No battleship was present. On November 27 on that the evening, the cruiser Suffren was in the Bay d' Along, its tidal water prohibiting it access of the Cua Cam. It transported troops in reinforcement..."</ref> French infantry forces under the command of [[Jean-Étienne Valluy]] entered the city, fighting [[house-to-house fighting|house to house]] with the support of armored units and airplanes.<ref>Phillippe Devillers, ''Histoire du Viêt-Nam de 1940 à 1952''. Editions du Seuil, Paris. Third edition,1952, pp. 331–340</ref>

Late in the [[Vietnam War]], Haiphong was subjected to heavy bombing by [[US Navy]] and [[US Air Force|Air Force]] [[strike aircraft]] because it was [[North Vietnam]]'s only major port. U.S. Admiral [[Thomas Moorer|Thomas H. Moorer]] ordered the [[Operation Pocket Money|mining of Haiphong harbor]] on 8 May 1972, effectively sealing the port. Until it was lifted, the mining caused no casualty.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://openvault.wgbh.org/catalog/vietnam-59ce8c-interview-with-thomas-h-moorer-1981|title=Vietnam: A Television History; Interview with Thomas H. Moorer, 1981|website=openvault.wgbh.org|access-date=19 March 2018|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000402/http://openvault.wgbh.org/catalog/vietnam-59ce8c-interview-with-thomas-h-moorer-1981|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>Forbes, Andrew, and Henley, David: ''Vietnam Past and Present: The North'' (History and culture of Hanoi and Tonkin). Chiang Mai. Cognoscenti Books, 2012. ASIN: B006DCCM9Q.</ref> Despite being targeted, the physical structure of the city was mostly unaffected by the war as the US had a self-imposed prohibition zone for the city. After the war, the city recovered its role as a significant industrial center.<ref name="hphtourism-culture" />

===21st century===
On 20 February 2025 the Vietnamese parliament approved an $8 billion railroad investment to upgrade under [[Xi Jinping]]'s [[Belt and road initiative]] the old French-built [[Kunming–Haiphong railway]], which serves the Chinese border city [[Hekou Yao]], [[Lao Cai]], [[Hanoi]] and Haiphong.<ref name="ya1">{{cite news |date=20 February 2025 |publisher=Yahoo |agency=AFP |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/vietnam-parliament-approves-8-billion-031216133.html |title=Vietnam parliament approves $8 billion rail link to China }}</ref>