Editing Halabja (section)

==History==
===Early history===
The history of Halabja is believed to have started during the [[Akkadian Empire]] period (24th century BC). The ancient city-kingdom of [[Lullubi]] from that period is thought to be located in Halabja area. The excavations at nearby archaeological sites like [[Bakr Awa]] revealed a long history. The cemetery there includes the tombs of several historical figures, such as Ahmed Mukhtar Jaff, Tayar Bag Jaff and [[Lady Adela|Adila Khanim]]. In August 2009, three 17th century tombs were discovered in the Ababile district of the town.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ancient tombs found in Halabja |publisher=AK News |date=2008-08-09 |url=http://www.aknews.com/en/aknews/1/61417/ |access-date=2009-09-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090821143650/http://www.aknews.com/en/aknews/1/61417/ |archive-date=21 August 2009 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

This suggests that the town is somewhat older than indicated by some sources, which claim that it was built by the [[Ottoman Empire]] at about 1850. However, modern developments date from the early 20th century. The post office opened in 1924 and the first school opened the following year. The Qaysari Pasha and Hamid Beg bazaars were built-in 1932. Electricity did not reach the city until 1940.<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Halabja |publisher=PUK media |date=2009-03-16 |url=http://pukmedia.com/english/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=3760&Itemid=1 |access-date=2009-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003135858/http://pukmedia.com/english/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=3760&Itemid=1 |archive-date=3 October 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

At the beginning of the 20th century, there were many [[United Kingdom|British]] soldiers stationed in Halabja. During [[World War I]], Adela Khanum saved the lives of several British soldiers, resulting in the British honoring her with the title Khan Bahadur, Princess of the Brave. She was also responsible for the building of a new prison, setting up a court of justice, of which she was the first president and building a new bazaar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Adela Khanum – Princess of the Brave |publisher=Kurdistan's Women |date=2008-04-04 |url= http://kurdistanwomen.blogspot.com/2008/04/adela-khanum-princess-of-brave_2339.html |access-date=2009-09-07}}</ref>

During the [[Anfal genocide|Al-Anfal campaign]] of the Iraqi Government, which took place between March 1987 and May 1989, the neighborhoods Kani Ashqan and Mordana were erased in May 1987 as a reprisal for their support of the Kurdish [[Peshmerga]] rebels.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Genocide in Iraq: The Anfal Campaign Against the Kurds|last1=Committee|first1=Human Rights Watch Middle East Watch|last2=Staff|first2=Middle East Watch|last3=Black|first3=George|last4=Watch (Organization)|first4=Middle East|date=1993|publisher=Human Rights Watch|isbn=9781564321084|pages=103|language=en}}</ref> But Halabja suffered much more during the Al-Anfal campaign, in which [[Saddam Hussein]] violently suppressed Kurdish revolts during the [[Iran–Iraq War]].

===Chemical attack===
{{Main|Halabja massacre}}
The [[Kurds|Kurdish]] [[Peshmerga]] guerrillas, supported by [[Iran]], captured Halabja in the final phase of the [[Iran–Iraq War]]. At 11:00 AM, On March 16, 1988, after two days of conventional artillery attacks, [[Halabja poison gas attack|Iraqi planes dropped gas canisters]] on the town.<ref>{{cite web |title=Remembering Victims of Genocide: The Chemical Attack on Halabja 1988 |url=http://www.rudaw.net/english/kurdistan/15032017 |website=Rudaw}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/16/newsid_4304000/4304853.stm |publisher=BBC News |title=1988: Thousands die in Halabja gas attack |date=1988-03-16 |access-date=2010-05-04}}</ref> The town and surrounding district were attacked with bombs, artillery fire and [[chemical weapons]], the last of which proved most devastating. At least 5,000 people died as an immediate result of the chemical attack and it is estimated that a further 7,000 people were injured or suffered long-term illness.<ref>{{cite news |author=Osman, Hiwa |date=March 17, 2002|title=Iraqi Kurds recall chemical attack |publisher=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/1877161.stm |access-date=2006-08-05}}</ref> Most of the victims of the attack on the town of Halabja were Kurdish civilians.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1991/IRAQ913.htm|title=Whatever Happened To The Iraqi Kurds? |date=March 11, 1991|publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref>

The attack is believed to have included the [[nerve agent]]s [[Tabun (nerve agent)|Tabun]], [[Sarin]] and [[VX (nerve agent)|VX]], as well as [[mustard gas]]. However, according to former senior [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] analyst Stephen C. Pelletiere, Iraq did not have the nerve agent used in the attack but did have mustard gas which was used in the Iran–Iraq War. An interdisciplinary scientific study from 2019, after more than three decades, shows that the chemical attacks on Halabja have long-term biological, psychological and social effects on the survivors. The authors, Faraidoun Moradi, Mia Söderberg, Fazil Moradi and others conclude: "The post-exposure somatic and psychosocial effects such as respiratory symptoms of CWA are a plausible contributors to poor general health and quality of life among survivors. We conclude that multidisciplinary interventions are needed to tackle the biopsychosocial complications in survivors of SM exposure to minimize further health damage in the future, as well as to promote their health-related quality of life."<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Moradi|first1=Faraidoun|last2=Söderberg|first2=Mia|last3=Moradi|first3=Fazil|last4=Daka|first4=Bledar|last5=Olin|first5=Anna-Carin|last6=Lärstad|first6=Mona|date=2019-06-21|title=Health perspectives among Halabja's civilian survivors of sulfur mustard exposure with respiratory symptoms—A qualitative study|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=14|issue=6|pages=e0218648|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0218648|issn=1932-6203|pmc=6588230|pmid=31226143|doi-access=free}}</ref>

It is occasionally suggested<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/cyanide/basics/facts.asp|title=Facts About Cyanide|publisher=Centers for Disease Control|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100415140426/http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/cyanide/basics/facts.asp|archive-date=15 April 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref> that [[cyanide]] was also included among these chemical weapons, though this assertion has been cast into doubt, as cyanide is a natural byproduct of impure Tabun.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/middle_east/02/iraq_events/html/chemical_warfare.stm |title=Iraq events – Chemical warfare |publisher=BBC News |access-date=2010-05-04}}</ref>

Before the war ended the Iraqis moved in on the ground and completely destroyed the town.<ref>{{cite news |author=Hirst, David|date=March 22, 1988|title=The Kurdish victims caught unaware by cyanide |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/Iraq/Story/0,2763,1251881,00.html |access-date=2006-06-09 |location=London}}</ref> In March 2010, the Iraqi High Criminal Court recognized the Halabja massacre as [[genocide]]; the decision was welcomed by the [[Kurdistan Regional Government]].<ref>[http://www.aknews.com/en/aknews/4/120001/ AK News, 1 March 2010] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110320191235/http://www.aknews.com/en/aknews/4/120001 |date=20 March 2011 }}</ref>

===Kurdish autonomy===
In the mountains to the east of Halabja, a militant Kurdish [[Islamism|Islamist]] group, [[Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan|Ansar al-Islam]], occupied a small enclave in the period of 2000–2003. The area was overrun by [[Peshmerga]] forces from the [[Patriotic Union of Kurdistan]] (PUK), with [[United States|U.S.]] [[air support]], at the beginning of the [[2003 invasion of Iraq|2003 US invasion of Iraq]]. The town has remained a center of [[Islamism]] in the [[Kurdistan Region]], however.{{Citation needed|date=November 2018}}

Just before Kurds gained some autonomy over the [[Iraqi Kurdistan]] region in 1991, which included Halabja, a new town was set up where some former Kurdish refugees later relocated. The new town called ''Halabja Taza'' (or ''New Halabja'') today has an estimated 9,000 homes.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/04/world/middleeast/04kurdistan.html Dagher, Sam. Uprooted for Decades, Iraqi Kurds Long for Home. Halabja Taza Journal. NY Times, 3 September 2009]</ref>

The [[Kurdistan Regional Government]] made some concentrated reconstruction efforts after 2003 in the old town and began rebuilding some of the bombed-out homes in Halabja and paving new roads. A memorial was also constructed for the victims of the chemical attacks. However, residents of Halabja have complained about the continued lack of basic services and necessities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.canada.com/ottawacitizen/quest/story.html?id=bfabd6c7-6bf6-4235-ba50-9309d26a55d4|title=Mohammad, Susan. Revisiting the horror of Halabja. The Ottawa Citizen, 22 October 2007|work=canada.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090412070653/http://www2.canada.com/ottawacitizen/quest/story.html?id=bfabd6c7-6bf6-4235-ba50-9309d26a55d4|archive-date=12 April 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

On the 2006 anniversary of the gas attack, violent demonstrations erupted in Halabja. An estimated 7,000 demonstrators protested against priorities in reconstruction, claiming that officials were not sincerely addressing the problems of the gas attack victims. Roadblocks were set up and the gas attack [[memorial]] museum was set afire. Police fired at protesters killing one 14-year-old boy and wounding many others.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4812128.stm|title=BBC NEWS – Middle East – Kurdish clash at Halabja memorial|work=bbc.co.uk|date=16 March 2006}}</ref>

=== Modern times ===
In 2008, plans were announced to construct an international [[airport]] for the city.<ref>{{cite web |title= International Airport to be built in Halabja town ( K Sat)  |publisher=Independent Kurdistan Journalism |date=2008-07-16 |url= http://independentkurdistanjournalism.blogspot.com/2008/07/international-airport-to-be-built-in.html |access-date=2009-09-07}}</ref>

On 12 November 2017 at 21:18 local time, an [[2017 Halabja earthquake|earthquake]] struck approximately {{Convert|32|km|}} south-southwest of Halabja.<ref name="USGS">{{Cite web|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us2000bmcg|title=M 7.3 - 30km SW of Halabjah, Iraq|website=earthquake.usgs.gov|access-date=12 November 2017}}</ref>

On 14 April 2025, the Iraqi Parliament named Halabja the 19th province of Iraq.<ref>https://www.thenationalnews.com/news/mena/2025/04/14/iraq-declares-halabja-scene-of-saddams-gas-attack-on-kurds-as-19th-province/</ref>