Editing Hallstatt (section)

==History==
{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| Part_of     = Hallstatt-[[Hoher Dachstein|Dachstein]] / [[Salzkammergut]] Cultural Landscape
| Criteria    = Cultural: iii, iv
| ID          = 806
| Year        = 1997
| Area        = 28,446.2 ha
| Buffer_zone = 20,013.9 ha
}}
{{See also|Hallstatt Museum}}
[[File:Dominic Groebner Hans Reschreiter NHM Wien Abb Salz-Reich 2008 Seite 67 1.tif|thumb|A section of the Iron Age Hallstatt salt workings.]]

[[File:Museum Hallstatt 35.JPG|thumb|"Antenna hilt" Hallstatt 'D' swords, from Hallstatt.]]

During the [[Bronze Age]] salt production became day-to-day commercial activity in Hallstatt. Salt was produced in large quantities in evidently highly organized arrangements. Specialist workers supported the salt mining operations.<ref>{{cite book | author1=Anthony Harding |title=Salt in Prehistoric Europe |publisher= Sidestone Press |year=2013 |page=88 |isbn=9789088902017 }}</ref> The [[wealth]] that was generated is on display in the prehistoric cemeteries in Hallstatt.<ref>{{cite book | editor1=Paul Freedman |title=Food: The History of Taste |publisher= University of California Press |year=2007 |page=57 |isbn=9780520254763 }}</ref>

In 1846 [[Johann Georg Ramsauer]] discovered a large [[Grave field|prehistoric cemetery]] at the Salzberg mines near Hallstatt ({{coor|47.561|N|13.642|E|}}), which he excavated during the second half of the 19th century. Eventually the excavation would yield 1,045 burials, although no settlement has yet been found. This may be covered by the later village, which has long occupied the entire narrow strip between the steep hillsides and the lake.

Some 1,300 burials have been found, including around 2,000 individuals, with women and children but few infants.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Celtic art: from its beginnings to the Book of Kells|last=Megaw, M. Ruth.|date=2001|publisher=Thames & Hudson|others=Megaw, J. V. S.|isbn=0-500-28265-X|edition=Rev. and expanded|location=New York |oclc=47790275}}</ref>{{Rp|26}} 

The humans that settled Hallstatt exploited the [[salt mine]]s in the area from the 8th to 5th centuries BC. The style and decoration of the grave goods found in the cemetery are distinctive. In the mine workings themselves, the salt has preserved many organic materials such as textiles, wood, and leather, and many abandoned artefacts such as shoes, pieces of cloth, and tools and miner's backpacks have survived in good condition.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Handbook to life in prehistoric Europe|last=McIntosh, Jane.|date=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-538476-5|location=Oxford|oclc=261176933}}</ref>{{Rp|88}}

Hallstatt A–B are part of the [[Bronze Age Europe|Bronze Age]] [[Urnfield culture]]. Phase A saw [[Villanova culture|Villanovan]] influence. In this period, people were cremated and buried in simple graves. In phase B, [[tumulus]] (barrow or [[kurgan]]) burial becomes common, and [[cremation]] predominates. Little is known about this period in which the typical Celtic elements have not yet distinguished themselves from the earlier Villanova-culture. The "Hallstatt period" proper is restricted to HaC and HaD (8th to 5th centuries BC), corresponding to the early [[European Iron Age]]. Hallstatt lies in the area where the western and eastern zones of the Hallstatt culture meet, which is reflected in the finds from there.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Celtic culture: a historical encyclopedia|date=2006|publisher=ABC-CLIO|others=Koch, John T.|isbn=1-85109-440-7|location=Santa Barbara, Calif.|oclc=62381207}}</ref>

Hallstatt C is characterized by the first appearance of iron swords. Hallstatt D displays daggers, almost to the exclusion of swords, in the western zone graves ranging from circa 600 to 500 BC.<ref name=":2" />{{Rp|40}} There are also differences in the pottery and [[brooch]]es. Halstatt D has been further divided into the sub-phases D1 to D3 relating only to the western zone.<ref name=":2" />{{Rp|40}}

Major activity at the site appears to have finished about 500 BC, for reasons that are unclear. Many Hallstatt graves were robbed, probably at this time. There was widespread disruption throughout the western Hallstatt zone, and the salt workings had by then become very deep.<ref name=":2" />{{Rp|48–49}} 

Much of the material from early excavations was dispersed,<ref name=":2" />{{Rp|26}} 

<gallery class="center" caption="Finds from the Hallstatt site">
File:Alice Schumacher NHM Wien Abb Salz-Reich 2008 Seite 133 6.jpg|A bronze vessel with cow and calf, Hallstatt
File:Andreas W. Rausch PA NHM Wien Abb Salz-Reich 2008 Seite 61 1.tif|A wood and leather carrying pack from the mine
File:Museum Hallstatt 26.JPG|A bronze container with stand, Hallstatt Ha C
File:Andreas W. Rausch PA NHM Wien Abb Salz-Reich 2008 Seite 108 oben.tif|A textile fragment from the salt mine
File:Sítula de bronze, vaixella per a beure, tomba 504 de Hallstatt.JPG|Bronze [[situla]], 800-750 BC
</gallery>

===Romans onwards===
Tourists are told that Hallstatt is the site of "the world's oldest pipeline",<ref>Neal Bedford, Gemma Pitcher. ''Austria''. Lonely Planet, 2005. Page 56.</ref> which was constructed 400 years ago from 13,000 hollowed-out trees.<ref name="virtual">{{cite web |url=https://www.welcometobratislava.eu/overnight-trip-to-hallstatt-from-bratislava-a-picturesque-journey/#Hallstatt%E2%80%99s_White_Gold_%E2%80%93_Salt |title=Hallstatt's White Gold - Salt |date=20 May 2023 }}</ref> There is so little space for cemeteries that every ten years bones used to be exhumed and removed into an [[ossuary]], to make room for new burials.<ref name="virtual"/> A collection of elaborately decorated skulls with the deceased's name, profession, and date of death inscribed on them is on display at the local chapel.<ref>Matys, Simon. ''The Archaeology of Human Bones''. Routledge, 1998. {{ISBN|0415166217}}. Page 108</ref>

===19th century===
[[File:Hallstatt 1899. pogled sa sjevera.jpg|thumb|A view of Hallstatt in 1899]]
[[File:1 hallstatt austria.jpg|thumb|Hallstatt viewed from the south, [[Hallstatt Museum]]]]

Until the late 19th century, it was only possible to reach Hallstatt by boat or via narrow [[trail]]s. The land between the lake and mountains was sparse, and the town itself exhausted every free patch of it. Access between houses on the river bank was by boat or over the ''upper path'', a small corridor passing through attics. The first road to Hallstatt was only built in 1890, along the west shore, partially by rock blasting. Nevertheless, this secluded and inhospitable landscape counts as one of the first places of [[human]] settlement due to the rich sources of natural [[salt]], which have been mined for thousands of years, originally in the shape of hearts owing to the use of [[antler]] picks.<ref name="virtual"/>