Editing Hallucination (section)

==Classification==
Hallucinations may be manifested in a variety of forms.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Chen E, Berrios GE | title = Recognition of hallucinations: a new multidimensional model and methodology | journal = Psychopathology | volume = 29 | issue = 1 | pages = 54–63 | year = 1996 | pmid = 8711076 | doi = 10.1159/000284972 }}</ref> Various forms of hallucinations affect different senses, sometimes occurring simultaneously, creating multiple sensory hallucinations for those experiencing them.<ref name=":0" />

===Auditory===
{{main|Auditory hallucination}}

[[Sound|Auditory]] hallucinations (also known as ''paracusia'')<ref>{{cite web |title=Paracusia |url=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/paracusia |publisher=thefreedictionary.com |access-date=2008-08-13 |archive-date=2008-05-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516090348/http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/paracusia |url-status=live }}</ref> are the perception of sound without outside stimulus. Auditory hallucinations can be divided into elementary and complex, along with verbal and nonverbal. These hallucinations are the most common type of hallucination, with auditory verbal hallucinations being more common than nonverbal.<ref>{{cite book |title=Abnormal Psychology |vauthors=Nolen-Hoeksema S |date=2014 |publisher=McGraw-Hill |edition=6e |page=283}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Auditory Hallucinations: Causes, Symptoms, Types & Treatment |url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/23233-auditory-hallucinations |access-date=2024-01-01 |website=Cleveland Clinic |language=en |archive-date=2024-01-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101222629/https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/23233-auditory-hallucinations |url-status=live }}</ref> Elementary hallucinations are the perception of sounds such as hissing, whistling, an extended tone, and more.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mental State Examination 3 – Perception and Mood – Pathologia |url=https://pathologia.ed.ac.uk/topic/mental-state-examination-3/ |access-date=2024-01-01 |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-01-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101222631/https://pathologia.ed.ac.uk/topic/mental-state-examination-3/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In many cases, [[tinnitus]] is an elementary auditory hallucination.<ref name=":5" /> However, some people who experience certain types of tinnitus, especially pulsatile tinnitus, are actually hearing the blood rushing through vessels near the ear. Because the auditory stimulus is present in this situation, it does not qualify it as a hallucination.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tracy |first1=Derek |last2=Shergill |first2=Sukhwinder |date=2013-04-26 |title=Mechanisms Underlying Auditory Hallucinations—Understanding Perception without Stimulus |journal=Brain Sciences |language=en |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=642–669 |doi=10.3390/brainsci3020642 |doi-access=free |pmid=24961419 |pmc=4061847 |issn=2076-3425}}</ref>

Complex hallucinations are those of voices, music,<ref name=":5" /> or other sounds that may or may not be clear, may or may not be familiar, and may be friendly, aggressive, or among other possibilities. A hallucination of a single individual person of one or more talking voices is particularly associated with [[psychosis|psychotic]] disorders such as [[schizophrenia]], and hold special significance in diagnosing these conditions.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chaudhury |first=Suprakash |date=2010 |title=Hallucinations: Clinical aspects and management |journal=Industrial Psychiatry Journal |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=5–12 |doi=10.4103/0972-6748.77625 |doi-access=free |issn=0972-6748 |pmc=3105559 |pmid=21694785}}</ref>

In schizophrenia, voices are normally perceived coming from outside the person, but in dissociative disorders they are perceived as originating from within the person, commenting in their head instead of behind their back. Differential diagnosis between schizophrenia and [[dissociative disorder]]s is challenging due to many overlapping symptoms, especially [[Kurt Schneider|Schneiderian first rank symptoms]] such as hallucinations.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Shibayama M |year=2011 |title=[Differential diagnosis between dissociative disorders and schizophrenia] |journal=Seishin Shinkeigaku Zasshi = Psychiatria et Neurologia Japonica |volume=113 |issue=9 |pages=906–911 |pmid=22117396}}</ref> However, many people who do not have a diagnosable [[mental illness]] may sometimes hear voices as well.<ref>{{cite web |date=September 15, 2006 |title=Hearing Voices: Some People Like It |url=http://www.livescience.com/7177-hearing-voices-people.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061102150621/http://www.livescience.com/humanbiology/060915_hearing_voices.html |archive-date=November 2, 2006 |access-date=2006-11-25 |publisher=LiveScience.com |vauthors=Thompson A}}</ref> One important example to consider when forming a differential diagnosis for a patient with paracusia is lateral [[temporal lobe epilepsy]]. Despite the tendency to associate hearing voices, or otherwise hallucinating, and [[psychosis]] with schizophrenia or other psychiatric illnesses, it is crucial to take into consideration that, even if a person does exhibit psychotic features, they do not necessarily have a psychiatric disorder on its own. Disorders such as [[Wilson's disease]], various [[endocrine disease]]s, numerous [[metabolic disturbance]]s, [[multiple sclerosis]], [[systemic lupus erythematosus]], [[porphyria]], [[sarcoidosis]], and many others can present with psychosis.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Endres |first1=Dominique |last2=Matysik |first2=Miriam |last3=Feige |first3=Bernd |last4=Venhoff |first4=Nils |last5=Schweizer |first5=Tina |last6=Michel |first6=Maike |last7=Meixensberger |first7=Sophie |last8=Runge |first8=Kimon |last9=Maier |first9=Simon J. |last10=Nickel |first10=Kathrin |last11=Bechter |first11=Karl |last12=Urbach |first12=Horst |last13=Domschke |first13=Katharina |last14=Tebartz van Elst |first14=Ludger |date=2020-09-14 |title=Diagnosing Organic Causes of Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: Findings from a One-Year Cohort of the Freiburg Diagnostic Protocol in Psychosis (FDPP) |journal=Diagnostics |language=en |volume=10 |issue=9 |pages=691 |doi=10.3390/diagnostics10090691 |doi-access=free |pmid=32937787 |pmc=7555162 |issn=2075-4418}}</ref>

Musical hallucinations are also relatively common in terms of complex auditory hallucinations and may be the result of a wide range of causes ranging from hearing-loss (such as in [[musical ear syndrome]], the auditory version of [[Charles Bonnet syndrome]]), lateral temporal lobe epilepsy,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Engmann |first1=B. |last2=Reuter |first2=M. |title=Melodiewahrnehmung ohne äußeren Reiz: Halluzination oder Epilepsie? Ein Fallbericht |trans-title=Spontaneous perception of melodies: Hallucination or epilepsy? |language=de |journal=Nervenheilkunde |date=2009 |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=217–221 |doi=10.1055/s-0038-1628605 }}</ref> arteriovenous malformation,<ref name="pmid19682829">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ozsarac M, Aksay E, Kiyan S, Unek O, Gulec FF |date=July 2012 |title=De novo cerebral arteriovenous malformation: Pink Floyd's song "Brick in the Wall" as a warning sign |journal=The Journal of Emergency Medicine |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=e17–e20 |doi=10.1016/j.jemermed.2009.05.035 |pmid=19682829}}</ref> stroke, [[lesion]], [[abscess]], or tumor.<ref>{{cite web |date=August 9, 2000 |title=Rare Hallucinations Make Music In The Mind |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2000/08/000809065249.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061205053946/http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2000/08/000809065249.htm |archive-date=December 5, 2006 |access-date=2006-12-31 |publisher=ScienceDaily.com}}</ref>

The [[Hearing Voices Movement]] is a support and advocacy group for people who hallucinate voices, but do not otherwise show signs of mental illness or impairment.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Schaefer B, Boumans J, van Os J, van Weeghel J | title = Emerging Processes Within Peer-Support Hearing Voices Groups: A Qualitative Study in the Dutch Context | journal = Frontiers in Psychiatry | volume = 12 | pages = 647969 | date = 2021-04-21 | pmid = 33967856 | pmc = 8098806 | doi = 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.647969 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

High [[caffeine]] consumption has been linked to an increase in likelihood of one experiencing auditory hallucinations.<ref>{{Cite web |vauthors=Fiegl A |title=Caffeine Linked to Hallucinations |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/caffeine-linked-to-hallucinations-51161154/ |access-date=2024-01-01 |work=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en |archive-date=2024-01-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101222629/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/caffeine-linked-to-hallucinations-51161154/ |url-status=live }}</ref> A study conducted by the [[La Trobe University]] School of Psychological Sciences revealed that as few as five cups of coffee a day (approximately 500&nbsp;mg of caffeine) could trigger the phenomenon.<ref>{{cite web |date=8 June 2011 |title=Too Much Coffee Can Make You Hear Things That Are Not There |url=http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/227884.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130311185810/http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/227884.php |archive-date=2013-03-11 |work=Medical News Today}}</ref>

===Visual===
{{main|Visual hallucination}}
{{see also|Pareidolia|Palinopsia}}

A ''visual hallucination'' is "the perception of an external visual stimulus where none exists".<ref>{{cite web| vauthors = Pelak V |title=Approach to the patient with visual hallucinations|url=http://www.uptodate.com/contents/approach-to-the-patient-with-visual-hallucinations|website=www.uptodate.com|access-date=2014-08-25|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826120056/http://www.uptodate.com/contents/approach-to-the-patient-with-visual-hallucinations|archive-date=2014-08-26}}</ref> A separate but related phenomenon is a ''visual illusion'', which is a distortion of a real external stimulus. Visual hallucinations are classified as simple or complex:
* ''Simple visual hallucinations'' (SVH) are also referred to as non-formed visual hallucinations and elementary visual hallucinations. These terms refer to lights, colors, geometric shapes, and indiscrete objects. These can be further subdivided into [[phosphene]]s which are SVH without structure, and [[photopsia]]s which are SVH with geometric structures.
* ''Complex visual hallucinations'' (CVH) are also referred to as formed visual hallucinations. CVHs are clear, lifelike images or scenes such as people, animals, objects, places, etc.

For example, one may report hallucinating a giraffe. A simple visual hallucination is an amorphous figure that may have a similar shape or color to a giraffe (''looks like'' a giraffe), while a complex visual hallucination is a discrete, lifelike image that ''is'', unmistakably, a giraffe.

===Command{{anchor|Command hallucination|Command hallucinations}}===
{{see also|Bicameral mentality}}
Command hallucinations are hallucinations in the form of commands; they appear to be from an external source, or can appear coming from the subject's head.<ref name="Beck-Sander1997" /> The contents of the hallucinations can range from the innocuous to commands to cause harm to the self or others.<ref name="Beck-Sander1997">{{cite journal | vauthors = Beck-Sander A, Birchwood M, Chadwick P | title = Acting on command hallucinations: a cognitive approach | journal = The British Journal of Clinical Psychology | volume = 36 | issue = 1 | pages = 139–148 | date = February 1997 | pmid = 9051285 | doi = 10.1111/j.2044-8260.1997.tb01237.x }}</ref> Command hallucinations are often associated with [[schizophrenia]]. People experiencing command hallucinations may or may not comply with the hallucinated commands, depending on the circumstances. Compliance is more common for non-violent commands.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lee TM, Chong SA, Chan YH, Sathyadevan G | title = Command hallucinations among Asian patients with schizophrenia | journal = Canadian Journal of Psychiatry | volume = 49 | issue = 12 | pages = 838–842 | date = December 2004 | pmid = 15679207 | doi = 10.1177/070674370404901207 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

Command hallucinations are sometimes used to defend a crime that has been committed, often homicides.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Knoll |first1=James L. |last2=Resnick |first2=Phillip J. |title=Insanity Defense Evaluations: Toward a Model for Evidence-Based Practice |journal=Brief Treatment and Crisis Intervention |date=February 2008 |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=92–110 |doi=10.1093/brief-treatment/mhm024 }}</ref> In essence, it is a voice that one hears and it tells the listener what to do. Sometimes the commands are quite benign directives such as "Stand up" or "Shut the door."<ref name="Shea">{{cite web| vauthors = Shea SC |title=Uncovering Command Hallucinations | work = raining Institute for Suicide Assessment |url=http://www.suicideassessment.com/tips/archives.php?action=prod&id=64|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102191930/http://www.suicideassessment.com/tips/archives.php?action=prod&id=64|archive-date=2014-01-02}}</ref> Whether it is a command for something simple or something that is a threat, it is still considered a "command hallucination." Some helpful questions that can assist one in determining if they may have this includes: "What are the voices telling you to do?", "When did your voices first start telling you to do things?", "Do you recognize the person who is telling you to harm yourself (or others)?", "Do you think you can resist doing what the voices are telling you to do?"<ref name="Shea" />

===Olfactory===
{{main|Phantosmia|Parosmia}}
Phantosmia (olfactory hallucinations), smelling an odor that is not actually there,<ref name=NHSphantosmia/> and parosmia (olfactory illusions), inhaling a real odor but perceiving it as different scent than remembered,<ref name=Hong>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hong SC, Holbrook EH, Leopold DA, Hummel T | title = Distorted olfactory perception: a systematic review | journal = Acta Oto-Laryngologica | volume = 132 | issue = S1 | pages = S27–S31 | date = June 2012 | pmid = 22582778 | doi = 10.3109/00016489.2012.659759 | s2cid = 207416134 }}</ref> are distortions to the sense of smell ([[olfactory system]]), and in most cases, are not caused by anything serious and will usually go away on their own in time.<ref name="NHSphantosmia" /> It can result from a range of conditions such as nasal infections, [[nasal polyp]]s, dental problems, migraines, head injuries, [[seizure]]s, strokes, or brain tumors.<ref name=NHSphantosmia/><ref name=Leopold2002>{{cite journal | vauthors = Leopold D | title = Distortion of olfactory perception: diagnosis and treatment | journal = Chemical Senses | volume = 27 | issue = 7 | pages = 611–615 | date = September 2002 | pmid = 12200340 | doi = 10.1093/chemse/27.7.611 | doi-access = free }}</ref> <!-- *-->Environmental exposures can sometimes cause it as well, such as smoking, exposure to certain types of chemicals (e.g., [[insecticide]]s or [[solvent]]s), or radiation treatment for head or neck cancer.<ref name="NHSphantosmia" /> It can also be a symptom of certain [[mental disorder]]s such as [[major depression|depression]], [[bipolar disorder]], intoxication, substance [[drug withdrawal|withdrawal]], or [[psychotic disorder]]s (e.g., [[schizophrenia]]).<ref name=Leopold2002/> The perceived odors are usually unpleasant and commonly described as smelling burned, foul, spoiled, or rotten.<!-- * --><ref name=NHSphantosmia>{{citation|title=Phantosmia (Smelling Odours That Aren't There)|author=HealthUnlocked|website=NHS Choices|year=2014|url=http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/phantosmia/Pages/Introduction.aspx|access-date=6 August 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802124224/http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/phantosmia/Pages/Introduction.aspx|archive-date=2 August 2016}}</ref>
<!-- *Text between asterisks was copied from the main article Phantosmia on 6 August 2016. -->

===Tactile===
{{Main|Tactile hallucination}}
Tactile hallucinations are the illusion of tactile sensory input, simulating various types of pressure to the skin or other organs. One subtype of tactile hallucination, [[formication]], is the sensation of insects crawling underneath the skin and is frequently associated with prolonged [[cocaine]] use.<ref name="Berrios_1982">{{cite journal | vauthors = Berrios GE | title = Tactile hallucinations: conceptual and historical aspects | journal = Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry | volume = 45 | issue = 4 | pages = 285–293 | date = April 1982 | pmid = 7042917 | pmc = 491362 | doi = 10.1136/jnnp.45.4.285 }}</ref> However, formication may also be the result of normal hormonal changes such as [[menopause]], or disorders such as [[peripheral neuropathy]], high fevers, [[Lyme disease]], [[skin cancer]], and more.<ref name="Berrios_1982"/>

=== Gustatory ===
This type of hallucination is the perception of taste without a stimulus. These hallucinations, which are typically strange or unpleasant, are relatively common among individuals who have certain types of [[epilepsy|focal epilepsy]], especially [[temporal lobe epilepsy]]. The regions of the brain responsible for gustatory hallucination in this case are the [[Insular cortex|insula]] and the superior bank of the [[sylvian fissure]].<ref name="Panayiotopoulos_2007">{{cite book |doi=10.1007/978-1-84628-644-5 |title=A Clinical Guide to Epileptic Syndromes and their Treatment |date=2010 |last1=Panayiotopoulos |first1=C. P. |isbn=978-1-84628-643-8 }}{{page needed|date=July 2024}}</ref><ref name="Barker_1997">{{cite book| vauthors = Barker P |title=Assessment in psychiatric and mental health nursing: in search of the whole person|year=1997|publisher=Stanley Thornes Publishers|location=Cheltenham, UK|isbn=978-0-7487-3174-9|page=245}}</ref>

=== Sexual ===
Sexual hallucinations are the perception of [[Erogenous zone|erogenous]] or orgasmic stimuli. They may be unimodal or multimodal in nature and frequently involve sensation in the genital region, though it is not exclusive.<ref name=":6">{{cite journal |last1=Blom |first1=Jan Dirk |last2=Mangoenkarso |first2=Esmeralda |title=Sexual Hallucinations in Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders and Their Relation With Childhood Trauma |journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry |date=9 May 2018 |volume=9 |page=193 |doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00193 |doi-access=free |pmid=29867612 |pmc=5954108 }}</ref> Frequent examples of sexual hallucinations include the sensation of being penetrated, experiencing orgasm, feeling as if one is being touched in an erogenous zone, sensing stimulation in the genitals, feeling the fondling of one's breasts or buttocks and tastes or smells related to sexual activity.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Akhtar |first1=S. |last2=Thomson |first2=J. A. |title=Schizophrenia and sexuality: a review and a report of twelve unusual cases--part I |journal=The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry |date=April 1980 |volume=41 |issue=4 |pages=134–142 |pmid=7364736 }}</ref> Visualizations of sexual content and auditory voices making sexually explicit remarks may sometimes be included in this classification. While it features components of other classifications, sexual hallucinations are distinct due to the orgasmic component and unique presentation.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Blom |first=Jan Dirk |date=2024 |title=The Diagnostic Spectrum of Sexual Hallucinations |journal=Harvard Review of Psychiatry|volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1097/HRP.0000000000000388 |pmid=38181099 |pmc=11449261 |hdl=1887/3730958 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

The regions of the brain responsible differ by the subsection of sexual hallucination. In orgasmic auras, the mesial [[temporal lobe]], right [[amygdala]] and [[hippocampus]] are involved.<ref>Penfield W, Rasmussen T. The cerebral cortex of man: a clinical study of localization of function. London: Macmillan, 1950.{{page needed|date=July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Janszky |first1=J |last2=Ebner |first2=A |last3=Szupera |first3=Z |last4=Schulz |first4=R |last5=Hollo |first5=A |last6=Szücs |first6=A |last7=Clemens |first7=B |title=Orgasmic aura—a report of seven cases |journal=Seizure |date=September 2004 |volume=13 |issue=6 |pages=441–444 |doi=10.1016/j.seizure.2003.09.005 |pmid=15276150 }}</ref> In males, genital specific sensations are related to the [[postcentral gyrus]] and arousal and ejaculation are linked to stimulation in the [[Frontal lobe|posterior frontal lobe]].<ref>Sem-Jacobsen CW. Depth-electrographic stimulation of the human brain and behavior. Toronto: Ryerson, 1968.{{page needed|date=July 2024}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{cite journal |last1=Surbeck |first1=Werner |last2=Bouthillier |first2=Alain |last3=Nguyen |first3=Dang Khoa |title=Bilateral cortical representation of orgasmic ecstasy localized by depth electrodes |journal=Epilepsy & Behavior Case Reports |date=2013 |volume=1 |pages=62–65 |doi=10.1016/j.ebcr.2013.03.002 |pmid=25667829 |pmc=4150648 }}</ref> In females, however, the [[hippocampus]] and [[amygdala]] are connected.<ref name=":8" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chaton |first1=Laurence |last2=Chochoi |first2=Maxime |last3=Reyns |first3=Nicolas |last4=Lopes |first4=Renaud |last5=Derambure |first5=Philippe |last6=Szurhaj |first6=William |title=Localization of an epileptic orgasmic feeling to the right amygdala, using intracranial electrodes |journal=Cortex |date=December 2018 |volume=109 |pages=347–351 |doi=10.1016/j.cortex.2018.07.013 |pmid=30126613 }}</ref> Limited studies have been done to understand the mechanism of action behind sexual hallucinations in [[epilepsy]], [[Substance abuse|substance use]], and [[post-traumatic stress disorder]] etiologies.<ref name=":7" />

=== Somatic ===
Somatic hallucinations refer to an interoceptive sensory experience in the absence of stimulus. Somatic hallucinations can be broken down into further subcategories: general, algesic, kinesthetic, and cenesthopathic.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" />

* '''Cenesthopathic'''- Effecting the [[Cenesthopathy|cenesthetic]] [[sensory modality]], cenesthopathic hallucinations are a pathological alteration in the sense of bodily existence, caused by aberrant bodily sensations. Most often, cenesthopathic hallucinations will refer to sensation in the visceral organs. Therefore, it is also known as visceral hallucinations.<ref name=":9">{{cite journal |last1=Lim |first1=Anastasia |last2=Hoek |first2=Hans W. |last3=Deen |first3=Mathijs L. |last4=Blom |first4=Jan Dirk |last5=Bruggeman |first5=Richard |last6=Cahn |first6=Wiepke |last7=de Haan |first7=Lieuwe |last8=Kahn |first8=René S. |last9=Meijer |first9=Carin J. |last10=Myin-Germeys |first10=Inez |last11=van Os |first11=Jim |last12=Wiersma |first12=Durk |title=Prevalence and classification of hallucinations in multiple sensory modalities in schizophrenia spectrum disorders |journal=Schizophrenia Research |date=October 2016 |volume=176 |issue=2–3 |pages=493–499 |doi=10.1016/j.schres.2016.06.010 |pmid=27349814 }}</ref><ref name=":7" /> Manifestations are often subjective, hard to describe and unique to the sufferer. Common manifestations include pressure, burning, tickling, or tightening in various body systems.<ref name=":10">{{cite journal |last1=Bilder |first1=R. M. |title=The Neuroscience of Hallucinations |journal=Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology |date=August 2013 |volume=28 |issue=5 |pages=511–512 |doi=10.1093/arclin/act029 }}</ref> While these hallucinations can be experienced by a variety of psychiatric and neurological disorder, cenesthopathic schizophrenia is recognized by the [[International Classification of Diseases|ICD]] as a subtype of [[schizophrenia]] marked by primarily cenesthopathic hallucinations and other [[Body image disturbance|body image aberrations]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jenkins |first1=Gary |last2=Röhricht |first2=Frank |title=From Cenesthesias to Cenesthopathic Schizophrenia: A Historical and Phenomenological Review |journal=Psychopathology |date=2007 |volume=40 |issue=5 |pages=361–368 |doi=10.1159/000106314 |pmid=17657136 }}</ref><ref name=":7" />
* '''Kinesthetic-''' Kinesthetic hallucinations, effecting the [[Stimulus modality|sensory modality]] of [[Proprioception|the same name]], are the sensation of movement of the limbs or other body parts without actual movement.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Moreno |first1=F. Cartas |last2=Barea |first2=M. ValverDe |title=A first psychotic episode with kinesthetic hallucinations. Report of a case |journal=European Psychiatry |date=April 2021 |volume=64 |issue=S1 |pages=S795 |doi=10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.2101 |pmc=9479843 }}</ref><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":9" />
* '''Algesic-''' Algesic hallucinations, effecting the [[Pain|algesic]] [[Stimulus modality|sensory modality]], refers to a perceived perception of pain.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":9" />
* '''General-''' General [[Somatics|somatic]] hallucination refers to somatic hallucinations not otherwise categorized by the above subsections. Common examples include when an individual feels that their body is being mutilated, i.e. twisted, torn, or disemboweled. Other reported cases are invasion by animals in the person's internal organs, such as snakes in the stomach or frogs in the [[rectum]]. The general feeling that one's flesh is decomposing is also classified under this type of this hallucination.<ref name=":7" />

=== Multimodal ===
A hallucination involving [[Stimulus modality|sensory modalities]] is called multimodal, analogous to unimodal hallucinations which have only one sensory modality. The multiple sensory modalities can occur at the same time (simultaneously) or with a delay (serial), be related or unrelated to each other, and be consistent with reality (congruent) or not (incongruent).<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> For example, a person talking in a hallucination would be congruent with reality, but a cat talking would not be.

Multimodal hallucinations are correlated to poorer mental health outcomes, and are often experienced as feeling more real.<ref name=":0" />