Editing Haole (section)

==Background==
The origins of the word predate the 1778 arrival of Captain [[James Cook]], as recorded in several chants stemming from that time.<ref name="Native Hawaiians Study Commission" /><ref name="Judy Rohrer">{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=gYwBEAAAQBAJ&dq=etymology+haole&pg=PA59 | title = Haoles in Hawaii - Judy Rohrer - Google Books | first = Judy| last = Rohrer | date = 2010| format = | publisher = University of Hawaii Press| page = 59| isbn = 9780824860424 | accessdate = 2022-08-22}}</ref> The term was generally given to people of European descent; however, as more distinct terms began to be applied to individual European cultures and other non-European nations, the word ''haole'' began to refer mostly to Americans, including American [[Black people|Blacks]] (who were referred to as ''haole ʻele ʻele'', i.e., "black haole").<ref name="Native Hawaiians Study Commission">{{cite book| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=QxEqyt3uqkUC&dq=etymology+Haole+Captain+Cook&pg=PA216 | title = Native Hawaiians Study Commission: Report on the Culture, Needs, and ... - United States. Native Hawaiians Study Commission - Google Books | first1 = Larry |last1= Kimura| first2 = William H. |last2= Wilson| date = 1983| publisher = United States Department of the Interior| page = 216| language = | quote = Haole originally meant any foreigner, and is clearly an old precontact word, since it occurs in old chants. Marquesan has a cognate, Hao'e, with a similar meaning. Captain Cook and even early Chinese visitors were termed haole | accessdate = 2022-08-21}}</ref> Its connotations range from positive, neutral, and descriptive to invective, depending on the context in which it is used.<ref name="Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society">{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=YMUola6pDnkC&dq=Haole+etymology&pg=PT669 | title = Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society | isbn = 9781412926942 | accessdate = 2022-08-22| last1 = Schaefer | first1 = Richard T. | date = March 20, 2008 }}</ref> Of the Polynesian race, [[Robert Louis Stevenson]] said: "God's best — at least God's sweetest works..." and then wrote of the "beastly haoles". In correspondence to a friend, he stated, "What is a ''haole?'' You are one; and so, I am sorry to say, am I".<ref name="Kenn" /><ref name="The Hawaii Book" /> 

===Etymology===
A newspaper challenge in 1929 offered one hundred dollars to anyone who could satisfactorily explain to Dr. Theodore Richards what the word meant. James K. Keola stated that he believed the term only referred to white foreigners, giving as his own references such figures as Stephen Desha and Joseph M. Poepoe. Mr. Keola also believed the origins of the word came from the name Howell, part of Vancouver's team; however, today the name would be pronounced ''ha-wela''.<ref name="Kenn" /><ref name="The Hawaii Book" /> John M. Bright also stated that the term meant white and was in use as early as 1736. He also defined the term to mean "without husk or waif". W. O. Smith stated that in his youth he was told the term came from a fish called ahole. [[Lorrin Andrews]] writes in his dictionary that the term only refers to white foreigners and that for Blacks the term ''haole eleele'' was used.<ref name="Kenn" /><ref name="The Hawaii Book" />

===="Without breath"====
[[File:Frederick William Kahapula Beckley (1874–1943).jpg|thumb|upright|Professor [[Frederick William Kahapula Beckley Jr.|Fred Beckley]]]]
A popular fable is that the word means "without breath". This meaning was attributed to Native Hawaiian Professor [[Frederick William Kahapula Beckley Jr.]] by [[Charles W. Kenn]], in his 1944 article in the publication "Paradise of the Pacific". According to that author, Beckley states: "The white people came to be known as ha-ole (without breath) because after they said their prayers, they did not breathe three times as was customary in ancient Hawaii."<ref name="VoicesOfEden">{{cite book |last1=Schütz |first1=Albert J. |title=The Voices of Eden: A History of Hawaiian Language Studies |date=1 January 1995 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |isbn=978-0-8248-1637-7 |page=213 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=niV4UZPzhzEC&dq=haole+without+breath&pg=PA213 |access-date=9 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Kenn" /><ref name="The Hawaii Book" /> 

Kenn wrote: "In the primary and esoteric meaning, haole indicates a race that has no relation to one's own; an outsider, one who does not conform to the mores of the group; one that is void of the life element because of inattention to natural laws which make for the goodness in man."<ref name="Kenn">{{Cite journal|title= What is a Haole? |first=Charles W. |last=Kenn |journal=Paradise of the Pacific |date=August 1944 |page=16 }}</ref><ref name="The Hawaii Book">{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=PtUNAQAAIAAJ&q=The+late+St.+Chad+Piianaia+,+who+was+educated+in+England+,+defined+the+word+haole+as | title = The Hawaii Book: Story of Our Island Paradise - Google Books | work = What is a Haole?|first = Charles W.| last = Kenn| date = 1961| publisher = J.G. Ferguson Publishing Company| page = 136| quote = | accessdate = 2022-08-23}}</ref> Albert J. Schütz, former professor of linguistics at the [[University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa]], believes that there is no documentation this ''ha-ole'' etymology is accurate and, based on that, states: "Thus, as far as we know, the word ''haole'' cannot be separated into shorter words".<ref name="VoicesOfEden" />

====Kahiki====
According to Juri Mykkanen of the Helsinki Institute of Urban and Regional Studies in his book "Inventing Politics: A New Political Anthropology of the Hawaiian Kingdom", Hawaiians, in trying to understand and make sense of changing alii, projected an entire [[cosmology]] onto everything they did and then passed down this narration to descendants. Under this belief, the origins of the term come from ''Kahiki'', the ancestral lands of Hawaiians, stemming from the mele chant, "Kūkanaloa". In this chant a demi-god/hero from Kahiki is described as ''haole'', as referenced in [[Samuel Kamakau]]'s book ''Ruling Chiefs of Hawaii'' (1991), pages 114-115. As a symbol of origin, Kahiki had great significance to Hawaiians who saw themselves as descendants of a divine haole.<ref name="urlInventing Politics: A New Political Anthropology of the Hawaiian Kingdom - Juri Mykkanen - Google Books">{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=h-tNi3xClv0C&dq=haole+meaning&pg=PA34 | title = Inventing Politics: A New Political Anthropology of the Hawaiian Kingdom - Juri Mykkanen - Google Books | first = Juri | last = Mykkanen | date = 2003| publisher = University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu| page = 34 | quote = | isbn = 9780824814861 | oclc = 473477780 | accessdate = 2022-08-23}}</ref>