Editing Harmon Trophy (section)

==World War II and Harmon's death==
Prior to [[World War II]], the award was administered by the [[International League of Aviators]] (''Ligue Internationale des Aviateurs''), an organization founded by Harmon to serve as "an agent for Peace and National security."<ref>{{cite news
 | date = 1929-11-23
 | title = Clifford B. Harmon to President Herbert Clark Hoover
 | publisher = Hoover Papers, Hoover Library
}}</ref> The League became defunct during the war and Harmon's death on June 25, 1945 in Cannes, France<ref>{{cite news 
 | title = Col.Harmon Dies; Aviation Pioneer; Donor of Aeronautic Trophy a Leader in Modern Technique --Suggested World Force Turned to Ballooning Wanted International Air Force Part in Naval Bombing
 | url = http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F30C14FD385F1B7B93C1A9178CD85F418485F9
 | format = fee required
 | work = The New York Times
 | page = 13
 | date = 1945-07-03
 | access-date = 2007-01-22
}}</ref> put the awards in turmoil. Harmon left $55,000 of his estate to continue funding the award in "perpetuity," but Harmon's relatives challenged the bequest.<ref>{{cite news 
 | title = 3 Endorse Fund for Air Awards; Harmon Trophy Winners Testify in Fight of Heirs Against Bequest of $55,000
 | url = http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F70812FD395A157B93C3AB178FD85F4C8485F9
 | format = fee required
 | work = The New York Times
 | page = 56
 | date = 1948-04-21
 | access-date = 2007-01-22
}}</ref> Ultimately, a trust fund of $48,431 was created in [[1948 in aviation|1948]].<ref>{{cite news 
 | title = $48,431 to Harmon Fund; Sum Willed by Air Enthusiast to Maintain Trophy Awards
 | url = http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F00815F8385A157B93C5AB178BD95F4C8485F9
 | format = fee required
 | work = The New York Times
 | page = 54
 | date = 1948-10-27
 | access-date = 2007-01-22
}}</ref>

During the period the awards were in litigation (1945–1948), the American Section of the League awarded the International Aviator Trophy to three U.S. leaders in aviation. However, since the awards were not approved by other League Sections, the awards are technically invalid. Also, these three awards were given without consideration to the "art of flying" and the awards did not recognize a superlative aviation achievement, rather recognized American aviation industry leaders. President Truman's staff questioned the award to Alexander de Seversky, Secretary of the Air Force [[Stuart Symington]] stating, "he [de Seversky] did absolutely nothing to deserve it."<ref>{{cite news
 | date = 1947-06-14
 | title = RB to Matthew J. Connelly
 | publisher = Truman Papers, Truman Library
 | page = WHCF: OF 1049 357R
}}</ref> Truman also did not make time to present the 1948 award to [[Trans World Airlines]] CEO Ralph Damon<ref>{{cite news
 | date = 1946-12-02
 | title = Estelle Friedrichs to Matthew J. Connelly
 | publisher = Truman Papers, Truman Library
 | page = WHCF: OF 1049 357R
}}</ref> or Brazilian aviation pioneer [[Francisco Pignatari]]<ref>{{cite news
 | date = 1949-07-25
 | title = Matthew J. Connelly to Joseph P. Rowan
 | publisher = Truman Papers, Truman Library
 | page = WHCF: OF 1049 357R
}}</ref> The award to [[Pan American World Airways]] President Juan Trippe in 1946 was the only one presented without debate.

Since 1997 or 1998, the [[National Aeronautic Association]] has been responsible for awarding the trophies. With the exception of the Aeronaut trophy, all are inactive.

The trustees wrestled with how to treat [[space flight]]. Bound by the court to offer only three trophies, the trustees first agreed that "feats of piloting in both earth orbiting or outer space vehicles will be considered for the Harmon Awards provided the vehicles are controlled by their pilots rather than from the ground."<ref>{{cite news
 | title = Raphael H. Beauduy to Charles E. Rosendahl
 | date = 1962-02-21
 | publisher = Personal Collection of Charles E. Rosendahl. University of Texas, Dallas
}}</ref> The advisory committee directed the trustees to alternate awarding the aeronaut trophy between balloonists and astronauts, but the trustees decided to offer the aviator award to aviation and astronaut recipients.<ref name="ryan1967">
{{cite news
 | title = Edward F. X. Ryan to Mary V. Brosnahan
 | date = 1967-08-03
 | publisher = Personal Collection of Charles E. Rosendahl. University of Texas, Dallas
}}</ref> A fifth trophy was created in [[1969 in aviation|1969]] to honor achievements in space flight.<ref name="nyt1968">{{cite news 
 | title = Maj. Gentry Gets Harmon Trophy
 | url = http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10B13FF3B551B7B93CAA91782D85F4D8685F9
 | format = fee required
 | work = The New York Times
 | page = 82
 | date = 1969-09-08
 | access-date = 2007-01-22
}}</ref>

Some aviatrix awards from 1980–1990 were awarded by the [[Ninety-Nines]] based on research performed by [[Fay Gillis Wells]]. This work was not coordinated with the NAA or Smithsonian.

The original awards were 24-inch-tall bronze statues.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nasm.si.edu/research/aero/trophy/TROPHYIMAGE/harmon.jpg |title=Archived copy |website=www.nasm.si.edu |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041205031139/http://www.nasm.si.edu/research/aero/trophy/TROPHYIMAGE/harmon.jpg |archive-date=5 December 2004 |url-status=dead}}</ref>  The aviator trophy depicts [[World War I]] [[flying ace]] [[Raoul Lufbery]] launching a [[biplane]] set next to an [[eagle]] about to take wing. The statuette was created by sculptor [[Mdivani|Roussadana M'divani]]. The [[Smithsonian Institution]] acquired the aviator's trophy in [[1950 in aviation|1950]] from the Clifford B. Harmon Trust. The aviatrix trophy depicts a winged goddess cradling a falcon with outstretched wings. The aeronaut trophy was lost in Germany between May 1940 and October 1953 and was believed to have been sold as scrap.  The three-foot-tall, 150-pound statue of five aviators holding the globe on their shoulders was found in a junk store and subsequently given to the Smithsonian after the presentation of the 1952 awards.<ref>{{cite news 
 | title = Missing Air Trophy is Returned to U.S.
 | url = http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F30715FE3A5D177B93C4A9178AD95F478585F9
 | format = fee required
 | work = The New York Times
 | page = 14
 | date = 1953-11-06
 | access-date = 2007-01-22
}}</ref>