Editing Hashemites (section)

== History ==

===Rulers of Mecca===
According to historians [[Ibn Khaldun]] and [[Ibn Hazm]], in {{circa|968}} [[Ja'far ibn Muhammad al-Hasani]] came from [[Medina]] and conquered [[Mecca]] in the name of the [[Fatimid]] [[caliph]] [[Al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah|al-Mu'izz]], after the latter had [[Fatimid conquest of Egypt|conquered Egypt]] from the [[Ikhshidids]].<ref>{{cite book|author1-last=Ibn Fahd|author1-first=‘Izz al-Dīn ‘Abd al-‘Azīz ibn ‘Umar ibn Muḥammad|editor1-last=Shaltūt|editor1-first=Fahīm Muḥammad|script-title=ar:غاية المرام بأخبار سلطنة البلد الحرام|title=Ghāyat al-marām bi-akhbār salṭanat al-Balad al-Ḥarām|date=1986|orig-year=composed before 1518|publisher=Jāmi‘at Umm al-Qurá, Markaz al-Baḥth al-‘Ilmī wa-Iḥyā’ al-Turāth al-Islāmī, Kullīyat al-Sharīʻah wa-al-Dirāsāt al-Islāmīyah|location=Makkah|volume=1|edition=1st|pages=480–482|language=ar}}</ref>{{sfn|Teitelbaum|2001|p=9}} Jafar was from the wider [[Banu Hashim]] clan, albeit a different branch to the modern dynasty. The Banu Hashim claim to trace their ancestry from [[Hashim ibn Abd Manaf]] (died c. 497 AD), the great-grandfather of [[Muhammad]], although the definition today mainly refers to the descendants of [[Fatimah bint Asad]] and her son [[Ali ibn Abi Talib]], the usurped successor of the prophet Muhammad according to Shia Islam.{{sfn|Lawrence|2000|p=48}} 

Control of Mecca remained with the clan; when the [[Ottoman conquest of Egypt|Ottoman Turks took control of Egypt]] in 1517 AD, Sharif Barakat quickly recognized the change in sovereignty, sending his son [[Abu Numayy II]] to the [[List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire|Ottoman sultan]] [[Selim I]] in Cairo, bearing the keys to the holy cities and other gifts. The Ottoman sultan confirmed Barakat and Abu Numayy in their positions as co-rulers of the Hejaz.{{sfn|al-Sibā‘ī|1999|pp=393–394}}{{sfn|Uzunçarşılı|2003|p=133}}{{sfn|Daḥlan|2007|p=124}}

=== World War I and the Arab Revolt ===
{{main|McMahon–Hussein Correspondence|Arab Revolt}}

Before World War I, [[Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca|Hussein bin Ali]] of the Hashemite Dhawu-'Awn clan ruled the Hejaz on behalf of the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] sultan. For some time it had been the practice of the [[Ottoman Porte|Sublime Porte]] to appoint the [[Sharif of Mecca|Emir of Mecca]] from among a select group of candidates. In 1908, Hussein bin Ali was appointed to the [[Sharifate of Mecca]]. He found himself increasingly at odds with the [[Young Turks]] in control at [[Istanbul]], while he strove to secure his family's position as hereditary emirs. Hussein bin Ali's lineage and destined position as the [[Sharif of Mecca]] helped foster the ambition for an independent Arab kingdom and caliphate. These pretensions came to the Ottoman rulers' attention and caused them to "invite" Hussein to Istanbul as the guest of the sultan in order to keep him under direct supervision. Hussein brought his four sons, Ali, Abdullah, Faisal, and Zeid, with him. It was not until after the [[Young Turk Revolution]] that he was able to return to the [[Hejaz|Hijaz]] and was officially appointed the Sharif.

Of Hussein's four sons, Abdullah was the most politically ambitious and became the planner and driving force behind the Arab revolt. Abdullah received military training in both the Hijaz and Istanbul. He was the deputy for Mecca in the Ottoman Parliament between 1912 and 1914. During this period, Abdullah developed deep interest in Arab nationalism and linked his father's interest for autonomous rule in the Hijaz to complete Arab emancipation.{{sfn|Shlaim|1988|p=20}} In 1914 he met the British high commissioner, [[Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|Lord Kitchener]], in Cairo to discuss the possibility of the British supporting an Arab uprising against the Turks. The possibility of co-operation was raised but no commitment was made by either side. Shortly after Abdullah returned to Mecca, he became his father's foreign minister, political advisor, and one of the commanders of the Arab Revolt.

Faisal, Hussein's third son, played an active role in the revolt as commander of the Arab army, while the overall leadership was placed in the hands of his father. The idea of an Arab uprising against the Ottoman Empire was first conceived by Abdullah.{{sfn|Shlaim|1988|p=22}} Only after gradual and persistent nudging did Abdullah convince his father, the conservative Sharif of Mecca, to move from the idea of home rule of a portion of Arabia within the Ottoman Empire to complete and total independence of the entire Empire's Arab provinces. Hussein recognized the necessity of breaking away from the Empire in the beginning of 1914 when he realized that he would not be able to complete his political objectives within the framework of the Ottomans. To have any success with the Arab revolt, the backing of another great power was crucial.

Hussein regarded Arab unity as synonymous with his own kingship. He aspired to have the entire [[Arabian Peninsula]], the [[Syria (region)|region of Syria]], and [[Iraq (region)|Iraq]] under his – and his descendants' – rule. After a year of fruitless negotiation, Sir [[Henry McMahon]] conveyed the British government's agreement to recognize Arab independence over an area that was much more limited than that to which Hussein had aspired. The Arab revolt, an Anglo-Hashemite plot in its essence, broke out in June 1916. Britain financed the revolt and supplied arms, provisions, direct artillery support, and experts in desert warfare including the soon to be famous [[T. E. Lawrence]]. The Hashemites promised more than they were able to deliver, and their ambitious plan collapsed. There were only a small number of Syrian and Iraqi nationalists who joined under the Sharifan banner while others remained loyal to the Ottoman sultan.

Sharif Hussein bin Ali rebelled against the rule of the Ottomans during the [[Arab Revolt]] of 1916.{{sfn|Lawrence|2000|p=53}} For Hashemite contribution to the Allied forces effort to bring down the Ottoman Empire, Britain promised its support for Arab independence. However, the [[McMahon–Hussein Correspondence|McMahon–Hussein correspondence]] left territorial limits governing this promise obscurely defined leading to a long and bitter disagreement between the two sides.

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
File:Sharif Husayn.jpg|[[Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca]] (1853–1931), the founder of the modern dynasty
File:King Faysal (Faisal) I of Iraq (left) probably with his brother Emir Abdullah of Transjordan, at the palace, Baghdad, Iraq LOC matpc.13171.jpg|King Faisal I of Iraq and King Ali of Hejaz
File:Hashemite Tree 2.PNG|Hashemites family tree
</gallery>

===Post-War: the Sharifian Solution===
{{main|Sharifian Solution}}
[[File:Lawrence of Arabia's map, presented to the Eastern Committee of the War Cabinet in November 1918.jpg|alt=1918 map of the Middle East|thumb|upright=1.15|The original [[Sharifian Solution]], illustrated in a map presented by [[T. E. Lawrence]] to the Eastern Committee of the War Cabinet in November 1918,<ref>{{cite news |title=Lawrence's Mid-East map on show |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4332702.stm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061203105544/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4332702.stm |archive-date=3 December 2006 |url-status=live |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=11 October 2005}}</ref> was superseded by the policy agreed at the [[Cairo Conference (1921)|March 1921 Cairo Conference]].]]

[[File:Genealogie_des_Hachemites_بنو_هاشم.jpg|220x124px|thumb|right|The family tree of the Hashemite dynasty]]
After the war, the British devised a "[[Sharifian Solution]]" to "[make] straight all the tangle" of their various wartime commitments.<ref>{{cite book|title=Arab Awakening|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IrllAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT303|date=19 December 2013|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-317-84769-4|pages=303–}}</ref> This proposed that three sons of Sharif Hussein would be installed as kings of newly created countries across the Middle East.{{sfn|Paris|2004|p=50}}

Given the need to rein in expenditure and factors outside British control, including France's [[Franco-Syrian war|removing of Faisal from Syria in July 1920]], and [[Abdullah's entry into Transjordan]] (which had been the southern part of Faisal's Syria) in November 1920, the eventual Sharifian solution was somewhat different, the informal name for a British policy put into effect by [[Secretary of State for the Colonies]] [[Winston Churchill]] following the 1921 [[Cairo Conference (1921)|Cairo conference]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Rogan |first=Eugene L. |editor-last=Fawcett |editor-first=Louise|title=International relations of the Middle east |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i6SPDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA50|publisher=Oxford University Press |date=2016 |page=50 |chapter=The Emergence of the Middle East into the Modern State System|isbn=978-0-19-870874-2}}</ref>{{sfn|Paris|2004|p=246}}

[[File:The sons of Sharif Hussein.jpg|thumb|The sons of Hussein: Ali, Abdullah and Faisal, in the
 mid-1920s]]
[[File:Portrait_of_Abdullah_bin_Hussein.png|220x124px|thumb|right|King Abdullah I, the founder of modern Jordan]]
[[File:The_King_of_Hedjaz_and_Arab_Independence_(page_04).png|220x124px|thumb|right|The Grand Sharif of Mecca and King of Hejaz the founder of Hashemite dynasty of Jordan and Iraq and Arabia]]
[[File:الشريف_عون_الرفيق_2013-09-06_02-40.jpeg|220x124px|thumb|right|Grand Sharif of Mecca and Emir of Hejaz Sharif Awn]]

Hussein bin Ali had five sons:

* [[Ali of Hejaz|Ali]], who briefly succeeded to the throne of Hejaz before its loss to the [[House of Saud|Saud family]] in 1925.
* [[Abdullah I of Jordan|Abdullah]], became the emir of [[Emirate of Transjordan|Transjordan]] in 1921 and king of [[Jordan]] in 1946, and whose [[List of kings of Jordan|descendants]] continue to rule the kingdom known ever since as the [[Jordan|Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan]].
* [[Faisal I of Iraq|Faisal]], briefly proclaimed King of the [[Arab Kingdom of Syria]] in 1920, became [[List of kings of Iraq|King of Iraq]] in 1921.
* [[Prince Zeid bin Hussein]], who moved to Jordan when his brother's grandson, King [[Faisal II of Iraq]], was overthrown and murdered in a [[14 July Revolution|coup in 1958]].
* Hassan, died at a young age.

Hussein bin Ali continued to rule an independent Hejaz, of which he proclaimed himself king, between 1916 and 1924, after the collapse of Ottoman power, with the tacit support of the British [[Foreign and Commonwealth Office|Foreign Office]]. His supporters are sometimes referred to as "Sharifians" or the "Sharifian party". Hussein bin Ali's chief rival in the Arabian Peninsula, the king of the [[Najd]] (highlands), [[Ibn Saud]], annexed the Hejaz in 1925 and established his own son, [[Faisal of Saudi Arabia|Faysal bin Abdulaziz Al Saud]], as governor. The region was later incorporated into [[Saudi Arabia]].

In [[Transjordan (region)|Transjordan]], the British government [[Establishment of the Emirate of Transjordan |granted its independence in 1921]] with Abdullah as ruler. The degree of independence that was afforded to the Arab states by colonial powers was an ongoing issue at the time, however in the case of Transjordan, the independence enjoyed was limited; with substantial influence and control reserved by [[Government of the United Kingdom|British government]] in London. In domestic affairs the local ruler was given a considerable amount of power nonetheless; but these powers were exercised in an autocratic manner by the Hashemite family while remaining under the superintendence of the [[British Resident]] in [[Amman]], as well as the British [[High Commissioners for Palestine and Transjordan|high commissioner]] in Jerusalem.{{sfn|Shlaim|1988|p=37}} Abdullah [[Abdullah I of Jordan#Assassination|was assassinated]] in 1951, but his descendants [[List of kings of Jordan|continue to rule Jordan]] today. 

In Iraq, the Hashemites ruled for almost four decades, until Faisal's grandson [[Faisal II]] was executed in the [[14 July Revolution|1958 Iraqi coup d'état]].