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==Publication history== Hawkman first appeared in ''[[Flash Comics]]'' #1 (1940), and was a featured character in that title throughout the 1940s. This Hawkman was [[Hawkman (Carter Hall)|Carter Hall]], a [[reincarnation]] of the [[ancient Egypt]]ian prince Khufu. Hall discovered that the mysterious "ninth metal" (later changed simply to "Nth metal") could negate the effects of [[gravity]] and allow him to fly. He donned a costume with large wings to allow him to control his flight and became the crimefighter, Hawkman. He also had a companion hawk named Big Red that assisted him in fighting crime. An [[archaeology|archaeologist]] by profession, Hall used ancient weapons from the [[museum]] that he curated. [[File:Flash Comics 71.JPG|thumb|left|180px|The Golden Age Hawkman, from ''Flash Comics'' # 71 (May 1946). Art by [[Joe Kubert]]]] Hawkman was a charter member of the [[Justice Society of America]], beginning with ''[[All Star Comics]]'' #3 (Winter 1940). In issue #8 he became the JSA's chairman, a position he held until the end of the JSA's run in ''All Star Comics'' in 1951. He was the only member of the JSA to appear in every adventure during the [[Golden Age of Comic Books]]. He romanced his reincarnated bride, Shiera Saunders, who became the crimefighter [[Hawkgirl]]. His first three adventures were drawn by creator [[Dennis Neville]] (who modeled Hawkman's costume on the hawkmen characters in the [[Flash Gordon]] comic strip by [[Alex Raymond]]), then by [[Sheldon Moldoff]], and later by [[Joe Kubert]], who slightly redesigned his mask in ''Flash Comics'' # 85 (Jul 1947) and then, one year later, replaced the winged-hawk-like mask with a much simpler yellow cowl in ''Flash Comics'' #98 (Aug 1948). Along with most other superheroes, Hawkman's Golden Age adventures came to an end when the industry turned away from the genre in the early 1950s. His last appearance was in ''All Star Comics'' #57 (1951). Later in the decade, DC Comics, under editor [[Julius Schwartz]], decided to revive a number of heroes in new incarnations, but retaining the same names and powers. Following the success of the [[Flash (DC Comics character)|Flash]] and [[Green Lantern]], the name "Hawkman" was revived in ''[[The Brave and the Bold]]'' # 34 (Feb–Mar 1961), this time as an [[Extraterrestrial life|alien]] [[police officer]] from the planet Thanagar, though his powers were largely the same. Created by [[Gardner Fox]] and [[Joe Kubert]], this Hawkman named [[Hawkman (Katar Hol)|Katar Hol]] came to Earth with his wife Shayera in pursuit of a criminal, and decided to remain on Earth to study earth police methods as well as fight crime. They adopted the names Carter and Shiera Hall and became curators of a museum in Midway City. This Hawkman became a member of the [[Justice League]] of America in issue #31, where he often verbally sparred with the iconoclastic [[Liberalism|liberal]] hero [[Green Arrow]]. In the 1960s, it was revealed that the original Hawkman lived on the [[Multiverse (DC Comics)|parallel world]] of [[Earth-Two]], and that Katar Hol lived on [[Earth-One]]. The JLA and JSA had an annual meeting throughout the 1960s and 1970s during which the two heroes often met. [[File:Hawkman v1 3.jpg|thumb|left|180px|The Silver Age Hawkman and Hawkgirl, from ''Hawkman'' #3 (August–September 1964). Art by [[Murphy Anderson]]]] The [[Silver Age of Comic Books|Silver Age]] Hawkman had his own series for a few years in the '60s, but with declining sales it ended at issue #27 and was then merged with that of the [[Atom (Ray Palmer)|Atom]]. ''Atom and Hawkman'' lasted only another year or so before cancellation. In the late 1970s in ''[[Showcase (comics)|Showcase]]'' and ''[[World's Finest Comics]]'', Thanagar went to war with the planet Rann, the adopted home of [[Adam Strange]]. This led to Hawkman and Hawkwoman severing ties with their homeworld, and later fighting ''The Shadow War of Hawkman'' (written by [[Tony Isabella]]) as the [[Thanagarian]]s tried secretly to conquer the Earth. The landmark 1985 series ''[[Crisis on Infinite Earths]]'' resulted in a massive revision of much of DC continuity and led to many characters being substantially rewritten. Hawkman was to suffer some of the greatest confusion as successive writers sought to explain his various appearances. In the revised timeline there was a single Earth which had witnessed the JSA in the 1940s and the JLA decades later. Successive revisions sought to establish exactly who had been Hawkman and Hawkwoman at different stages. For the first few years the pre-Crisis incarnations were still used, during which time they were prominent across the DC Universe and joined the latest incarnation of the Justice League. DC decided to [[Reboot (fiction)|reboot]] Hawkman, in a limited series (which later led to an ongoing series) titled ''[[Hawkworld]]'' originally by [[Timothy Truman]], and later [[John Ostrander]]. In this series, Thanagar was a stratified society which conquered other worlds to enrich itself. Katar Hol was the son of a prominent official who rebelled against the status quo. He and his partner Shayera were sent to Earth and remained there for some years until Hol was apparently killed. This created several continuity errors. Because the new Katar Hol had only just arrived on Earth, someone else had to have been Hawkman previously. In an attempt to resolve the problem it was established through [[retcon]]s that the Golden Age Hawkman and Hawkgirl had continued to operate sporadically after their supposed retirement in 1951 through the 1990s, and that Nth metal originally came from Thanagar. The Halls, and not the Hols, joined the original incarnation of the JLA. Another Hawkman—Fel Andar, a Thanagarian agent—had been the one who joined the Justice League during the 1980s, pretending to be a hero but secretly spying on the League for his Thanagarian masters. The ''[[Zero Hour: Crisis in Time!|Zero Hour]]'' miniseries muddied the waters further by merging the different Hawkmen into a "Hawkgod", who was the focus character in the third volume of the monthly ''Hawkman'' series. This version of Hawkman also had a small role in the alternate-future series ''[[Kingdom Come (comics)|Kingdom Come]]''. After the end of this series, Hawkman's [[continuity (fiction)|continuity]] was considered by DC to be too complicated,{{citation needed|date=July 2012}} and he was absent from comics for several years. In the late 1990s, the ''JSA'' series untangled Hawkman's continuity, establishing him as Carter Hall, a man who—along with Shiera—had been reincarnated dozens of times since his life in ancient Egypt, and whose powers were derived from Thanagarian Nth metal, which had been retroactively renamed from "ninth metal". The Katar Hol of the ''Hawkworld'' series had also come to Earth during the 1990s, as previously established. The 1980s Hawkman Fel Andar returned to Thanagar. The Hawkgod was later revealed to be an avatar of the Hawk aspect of the Red (from which [[Animal Man]] receives his powers) and only believed that he was Hawkman.{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}} During the ''[[Identity Crisis (DC Comics)|Identity Crisis]]'' miniseries, it was established that Hawkman (Carter Hall) had encouraged the [[mindwipe]] of [[Doctor Light (Arthur Light)|Doctor Light]] and had actually been the one to initially suggest the idea. His role in the mindwipe was the basis for his enmity with [[Green Arrow]], who felt that interfering with an individual's right to self-determination was beyond the moral right of any organization or government. Subsequently, Hawkman was reincarnated and given a new series in 2002 entitled ''Hawkman'' vol. 4, written initially by [[James Robinson (writer)|James Robinson]] and [[Geoff Johns]], with art by [[Rags Morales]]. [[Justin Gray]] and [[Jimmy Palmiotti]] took over writing duties during the third year of the series. In 2006, the series was retitled ''Hawkgirl'' with issue #50 and given a new creative team of [[Walt Simonson]] and [[Howard Chaykin]]. This series was cancelled with issue #66 in July 2007. Hawkman was a major character in the ''[[Rann–Thanagar War]]'' miniseries, which stemmed from events in ''[[Countdown (comics)|Countdown to Infinite Crisis]]''. During this time, his continuity was further changed. The character then received a new series spinning out of ''[[Dark Nights: Metal]]'', helmed by [[Robert Venditti]] and [[Bryan Hitch]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Adams |first1=Tim |title=DC's Hawkman Takes Flight in New Series From Venditti & Hitch |url=https://www.cbr.com/hawkman-new-dc-comics-series-venditti-hitch/ |website=CBR |date=March 14, 2018}}</ref>
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