Editing Hefei (section)

==History==
[[File:HefeiWallMap.jpg|thumb|Old Hefei Map with wall]]
From the 8th to the 6th centuries BC, Hefei was the site of many small states, later a part of the [[Chu (state)|Chu kingdom]]. Many archaeological finds dating from this period have been made. The name 'Hefei' was first given to the county set up in the area under the [[Han dynasty]] in the 2nd century BC.

In the 3rd century AD, the [[Battle of Xiaoyao Ford]] was fought at [[Xiaoyao Ford]] ({{lang|zh-hant|逍遙津}}) in Hefei. [[Zhang Liao]], a general of the [[Cao Wei|Wei]] state, led 800 picked cavalry to defeat the 200,000-strong army from Wei's rival state [[Eastern Wu|Wu]]. Several decades of warring in Hefei between Wu and Wei followed this battle.

During the 4th to the 6th centuries AD, this crucial border region between [[Northern and Southern dynasties|northern and southern states]] was much fought over; its name and administrative status were consequently often changed. During the [[Sui dynasty|Sui]] (581–618) and [[Tang dynasty|Tang]] (618–907) periods, it became the seat of Lu prefecture—a title it kept until the 15th century, when it became a superior prefecture named Luzhou.

The present city dates from the [[Song dynasty]] (960–1126), the earlier Hefei having been some distance farther north. In the 10th year of [[Emperor Shenzong of Song|Xining]] ({{zh|labels=no|s=熙宁}}, 1077 AD), the taxes collected from the Luchow Prefecture were 50315 Guan, approximately 25 million today's Chinese Yuan, with a ranking of the amount of taxes was the 11th(following Kaifeng, Hangzhou, Qinzhou, Chuzhou, Chengdu, Zizhou, Xingyuan, Mianzhou, Zhenzhou, Suzhou) among all the prefectures of Song Dynasty. During the 10th century, it was for a while the capital of the independent [[Wu (Ten Kingdoms)|Wu kingdom]] (902–938) and was an important center of the [[Southern Tang]] state (937–975).

After 1127 it became a center of the defenses of the [[Southern Song dynasty]] (1126–1279) against the [[Jin dynasty (1115–1234)|Jin]] ([[Jurchens|Jurchen]]) invaders in the [[Jin campaigns against the Song dynasty|Jin–Song wars]], as well as a flourishing center of trade between the two states. When the [[Republic of China (1912–49)|Chinese Republic]] was founded in 1911, the superior prefecture was abolished, and the city took the name of Hefei. The city was known as '''Luchow''' or '''Liu-tcheou'''<ref>''Inter alia'': Mitchell Sr., S.A. ''A New Universal Atlas Containing Maps of the various Empires, Kingdoms, States and Republics Of The World''. "[http://www.geographicus.com/P/AntiqueMap/China-mitchell-1850 China.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120629163858/http://www.geographicus.com/P/AntiqueMap/China-mitchell-1850 |date=2012-06-29 }}" Entered 1850, Published 1853.</ref> ({{lang|zh-hans-CN|{{linktext|庐州}}}}, <small>[[pinyin|p]]</small> ''Luzhou'') during the [[Ming dynasty|Ming]] and [[Qing dynasty|Qing]] dynasties (after the 14th century to the 19th century). Hefei was the temporary capital for Anhui from 1853 to 1862. It was renamed as Hefei County in 1912. Following the Chinese victory in the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]] in 1945, Hefei was made the capital of Anhui.

Before [[World War II]], Hefei remained essentially an administrative center and the regional market for the fertile plain to the south. It was a collecting center for grain, beans, cotton, and [[hemp]], as well as a center for handicraft industries manufacturing cloth, leather, bamboo goods, and ironware.

The construction in 1912 of the [[Tianjin–Pukou railway]], farther east, for a while made Hefei a provincial backwater, and much of its importance passed to [[Bengbu]]. In 1932–36, however, a Chinese company built a railway linking Hefei with [[Yuxikou]] (on the [[Yangtze]] opposite [[Wuhu City|Wuhu]]) to the southeast and with the [[Huai River]] at [[Huainan]] to the north. While this railway was built primarily to exploit the rich [[coal]]field in northern Anhui, it also did much to revive the economy of the Hefei area by taking much of its produce to Wuhu and Nanjing.

Although Hefei was a quiet market town of only about 30,000 in the mid-1930s, its population grew more than tenfold in the following 20 years. The city's administrative role was strengthened by the transfer of the provincial government from [[Anqing]] in 1945, but much of its new growth derived from its development as an industrial city.

Hefei was designated the provincial capital in 1952.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Hu |first=Richard |title=Reinventing the Chinese City |date=2023 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |isbn=978-0-231-21101-7 |location=New York}}</ref>{{Rp|page=122}}

A [[cotton mill]] was opened in 1958, and a thermal generating plant, using coal from Huainan, was established in the early 1950s. It also became the seat of an industry producing [[industrial chemicals]] and chemical [[fertilizer]]s. In the late 1950s an iron and steel complex was built. In addition to a machine-tool works and engineering and agricultural machinery factories, the city has developed an aluminum industry and a variety of light industries.

Hefei's development was advanced by the [[Third Front (China)|Third Front construction]].<ref name=":92">{{Cite book |last1=Marquis |first1=Christopher |url= |title=Mao and Markets: The Communist Roots of Chinese Enterprise |last2=Qiao |first2=Kunyuan |date=2022 |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |isbn=978-0-300-26883-6 |location=New Haven |doi=10.2307/j.ctv3006z6k |jstor=j.ctv3006z6k |oclc=1348572572 |author-link=Christopher Marquis |s2cid=253067190}}</ref>{{Rp|page=185}} In 1970, the [[University of Science and Technology of China]] relocated to Hefei.<ref name=":02" />{{Rp|pages=125–126}} It is one of the best technological universities in the country.<ref name=":92" />{{Rp|page=185}}

In 1978, the [[Chinese Academy of Sciences]] opened a Hefei branch.<ref name=":02" />{{Rp|page=126}} Several electronics institutes were moved from Beijing to Hefei in the early 1980s.<ref name=":02" />{{Rp|page=126}} The establishment of these educational and research and development institutions in Hefei were a foundations for its subsequent growth in innovation.<ref name=":02" />{{Rp|page=126}}

In 1991, Hefei was one of the first Chinese cities to establish a High-Tech Industrial Zone.<ref name=":02" />{{Rp|page=129}}

A period of rapid growth began in 2005, when Hefei party secretary [[Sun Jinlong]] initiated a strategy of industry-based city building.<ref name=":02" />{{Rp|page=127}} Sun prioritized the automobile, electric appliance, and equipment manufacturing sectors of the city's economy.<ref name=":02" />{{Rp|page=127}} The city government established a department for attracting investment and sent teams around the country to recruit businesses to Hefei.<ref name=":02" />{{Rp|page=127}} Sun also launched a construction program of neighborhood redevelopment, road system improvement, rail system, and a new international airport.<ref name=":02" />{{Rp|page=127}} Hefei's GDP grew at the highest rate of any Chinese provincial capital during Sun's tenure.<ref name=":02" />{{Rp|pages=127–128}}

Since the 2010s, Hefei has developed high-tech industries and an innovation-driven economy,<ref name=":02" />{{Rp|page=129}} including semi-conductors and alternative energy economic sectors.<ref name=":92" />{{Rp|page=185}}