Editing Heuristic (section)

==Context==
{{Main|Strategy}}
{{Strategy}}
{{Broader|Trial and error|Rule of thumb|Guessing}}

Gigerenzer & Gaissmaier (2011) state that [[Set (mathematics)|sub-set]]s of ''strategy'' include '''heuristics''', [[regression analysis]], and [[Bayesian inference]].<ref>{{cite journal
| last1 = Gigerenzer
| first1 = G.
| last2 = Gaissmaier
| first2 = W.
| date = 2011
| title = Heuristic Decision Making
| url = https://pure.mpg.de/rest/items/item_2099042_4/component/file_2099041/content
| journal = Annual Review of Psychology
| volume = 62
| issue = 
| pages = 451–482
| doi = 10.1146/annurev-psych-120709-145346
| pmid = 21126183
| access-date = 6 May 2024
| quote = Heuristics are a subset of strategies; strategies also include complex regression or Bayesian models.| hdl = 11858/00-001M-0000-0024-F16D-5
| hdl-access = free
}}</ref>

{{Blockquote
|text= A heuristic is a strategy that ignores part of the information, with the goal of making decisions more quickly, frugally, and/or accurately than more complex methods (Gigerenzer and Gaissmaier [2011], p. 454; see also Todd et al. [2012], p. 7).<ref>{{cite journal
| last1 = Chow
| first1 = Sheldon
| date = 2015
| title = Many Meanings of 'Heuristic'
| url = http://www.jstor.org/stable/24562967
| journal = The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science
| volume = 66
| issue = 4
| pages = 977–1016
| doi = 10.1093/bjps/axu028
| jstor = 24562967
| access-date = 5 May 2024
|quote=In a recent review article written with Wolfgang Gaissmaier, the following definition is proposed:| url-access = subscription
}}</ref>
|author=S. Chow
|title="Many Meanings of 'Heuristic'"
|source=''The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science''}}

Heuristics are strategies based on rules to generate [[optimal decision]]s, like the [[anchoring effect]] and [[utility maximization problem]].<ref>{{Cite journal
| last1 = Gigerenzer
| first1 = Gerd
| last2 = Brighton
| first2 = Henry
| doi = 10.1111/j.1756-8765.2008.01006.x
| title = Homo Heuristicus: Why Biased Minds Make Better Inferences
| journal = Topics in Cognitive Science
| volume = 1
| issue = 1
| pages = 107–143
| year = 2009
| pmid = 25164802
| url = https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1756-8765.2008.01006.x
| access-date = 6 May 2024
| quote =Another negative and substantial consequence was that computational models of heuristics, such as lexicographic rules (Fishburn, 1974) and elimination-by-aspects (Tversky, 1972), became replaced by one-word labels: availability, representativeness, and anchoring.| hdl = 11858/00-001M-0000-0024-F678-0
| hdl-access = free
}}</ref> These strategies depend on using readily accessible, though loosely applicable, information to control [[problem solving]] in human beings, machines and abstract issues.<ref>{{cite book|last=Pearl|first=Judea|author-link=Judea Pearl|year=1983|title=Heuristics: Intelligent Search Strategies for Computer Problem Solving|location=New York, NY|publisher=Addison-Wesley|page=vii|isbn=978-0-201-05594-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B_q6VhhkczIYcC1nWEV2ejZfOGs/view?usp=sharing|title=Heuristic Reasoning: Studies in Applied Philosophy, Epistemology and Rational Ethics|publisher=Springer International Publishing|author=Emiliano, Ippoliti|year=2015|location=Switzerland|pages=1–2|isbn=978-3-319-09159-4|access-date=2015-11-24|archive-date=2019-07-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711121632/https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B_q6VhhkczIYcC1nWEV2ejZfOGs/view?usp=sharing|url-status=live}}</ref> When an individual applies a heuristic in practice, it generally performs as expected. However it can alternatively create systematic errors.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Sunstein|first=Cass|date=2005|title=Moral Heuristics|journal=The Behavioral and Brain Sciences|volume=28| issue=4 |pages=531–542| doi=10.1017/S0140525X05000099 | pmid=16209802 | s2cid=231738548 }}</ref>

The most fundamental heuristic is trial and error, which can be used in everything from matching nuts and bolts to finding the values of variables in algebra problems. In mathematics, some common heuristics involve the use of visual representations, additional assumptions, forward/backward reasoning and simplification.

[[Dual process theory]] concerns [[Embodied cognition|embodied heuristics]].<ref>{{cite journal
	| last1 = Hjeij
	| first1 = Mohamad
	| last2 = Vilks
	| first2 = Arnis
	| date = 2023
	| title = A brief history of heuristics: how did research on heuristics evolve?
	| journal = Humanities and Social Sciences Communications
	| volume = 10
	| issue = 1
	| pages = 1–15
	| doi = 10.1057/s41599-023-01542-z
	| quote = Gigerenzer (2021) [says] humans [and] other organisms evolved to acquire what he calls 'embodied heuristics' that can be both innate or learnt rules of thumb, which in turn supply the agility to respond to the lack of information by fast judgement. The 'embodied heuristics' use the mental capacity that includes the motor and sensory abilities that start to develop from the moment of birth. [...] 'dual-process theories' [...] we find it helpful to point out that one may distinguish between 'System 1 heuristics' [neuro] and 'System 2 heuristics' [neuro] (Kahneman 2011, p. 98). | doi-access = free}}</ref>
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