Editing Hiram Runnels (section)

== Biography ==
Runnels was born in [[Hancock County, Georgia]], on December 15, 1796, to Harmon M. and Hester (Hubert) Runnels. A poor frontier family, the Runnels relocated to Mississippi when Hiram was a child. The family descended from English colonists.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R2pGAAAAYAAJ&q=hiram%20runnels | title=A Genealogy of Runnels and Reynolds Families in America: With Records and Brief Memorials of the Earliest Ancestors, as Far as Known, and Many of Their Descendants, Bearing the Same and Other Names | date=1873 | publisher=A. Mudge & son, printer }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Iq9FDwAAQBAJ&q=Runnels%20england%20family | isbn=978-3-8496-7393-2 | title=Biographical Encyclopedia of Texas | date=1880 | publisher=Jazzybee Verlag }}</ref> The Runnels were the first white people to build a house in what would become [[Monticello, Mississippi]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rothman |first=Joshua D. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/820011226 |title=Flush times and fever dreams : a story of capitalism and slavery in the age of Jackson |date=2012 |isbn=978-0-8203-4466-9 |location=Athens |oclc=820011226}}</ref> He married Obedience Smith in 1823.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TSHA {{!}} Runnels, Hiram George |url=https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/runnels-hiram-george |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=www.tshaonline.org}}</ref>

Although he received a limited education, Runnels worked as a schoolteacher before serving as the state's auditor and treasurer from 1822 to 1830.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rothman |first=Joshua D. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/820011226 |title=Flush times and fever dreams : a story of capitalism and slavery in the age of Jackson |date=2012 |isbn=978-0-8203-4466-9 |location=Athens |oclc=820011226}}</ref> Runnels also served as a volunteer in the [[United States Army|army]] during various conflicts with Native Americans. He was elected in the [[Mississippi House of Representatives]] in 1830. After an unsuccessful [[1831 Mississippi gubernatorial election|run for governor in 1831]], Runnels was [[1833 Mississippi gubernatorial election|elected in May 1833]] by only 558 votes. Due to the closeness of the result, he did not take office until the following November.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hiram G. Runnels, Ninth Governor of Mississippi: 1833-1835 - 2003-12 |url=https://www.mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/issue/hiram-g-runnels-ninth-governor-of-mississippi-1833-1835 |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=www.mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov}}</ref>

During his tenure as governor, Runnels secured funding for a new [[Old Mississippi State Capitol|statehouse]] in [[Jackson, Mississippi|Jackson]], restructured the state militia, signed a ban on the importation of enslaved people for auction and oversaw the formation of sixteen new counties in the land seized from the [[Chickasaw|Chickasaw Indians]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hiram George Runnels |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/hiram-george-runnels/ |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=National Governors Association|date=10 January 2012 }}</ref> A devoted [[Jacksonian democracy|Jacksonian Democrat]], Runnels angered his political allies when he refused to order the state militia to support and arm vigilantes who killed and maimed dozens of white and black people suspected of inciting a slave rebellion during the summer of 1835. On the other hand, more conservative voters and [[Whig Party (United States)|Whigs]] accused Runnels of verbally condoning [[vigilantism]] and preventing the militia and local law enforcement officials from suppressing extralegal violence. Facing criticism from Whigs and many Democrats over the affair, Runnels narrowly lost his reelection bid and left office in [[1835 Mississippi gubernatorial election|November 1835]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rothman |first=Joshua D. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/820011226 |title=Flush times and fever dreams : a story of capitalism and slavery in the age of Jackson |date=2012 |isbn=978-0-8203-4466-9 |location=Athens |oclc=820011226}}</ref>

In 1838, Runnels was appointed president of the newly chartered Union Bank in Jackson, placing him in deeper conflict with other Democrats. When Union Bank collapsed in 1840, the new governor of Mississippi, [[Alexander McNutt (governor)|Alexander McNutt]], accused Runnels and others of corruption. Runnels responded by canning the governor in the streets of Jackson.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TSHA {{!}} Runnels, Hiram George |url=https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/runnels-hiram-george |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=www.tshaonline.org}}</ref> Debates related to the state's [[central bank]]ing system also led to a duel between Runnels and [[Volney Howard|Volney E. Howard]], a director at Union Bank, that same year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TSHA {{!}} Runnels, Hiram George |url=https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/runnels-hiram-george |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=www.tshaonline.org}}</ref> Despite these conflicts, Runnels was reelected to represent [[Hinds County, Mississippi|Hinds County]] in the state legislature in 1841.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TSHA {{!}} Runnels, Hiram George |url=https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/runnels-hiram-george |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=www.tshaonline.org}}</ref>

Runnels moved to [[Texas]] in 1842 and purchased a cotton plantation located on the [[Brazos River]] near [[Houston]]. He represented Brazoria County during the [[Texas annexation|Convention of 1845]]. He was elected to the [[Texas Senate|Texas State Senate]] in 1855 but failed to qualify for office. He was elected to the Senate again in 1857 but died before taking office. The Texas Senate passed a memorial resolution in his honor, and [[Benjamin F. Tankersly]] was sworn into office in his stead.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Legislative Reference Library {{!}} Legislators and Leaders {{!}} Member profile |url=https://lrl.texas.gov/legeLeaders/members/memberDisplay.cfm?memberID=5039 |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=lrl.texas.gov}}</ref>

Runnels died in Houston on December 17, 1857, and was buried in [[Glenwood Cemetery (Houston, Texas)|Glenwood Cemetery]].