Editing Hisham II (section)

==Reign== 
[[File:Hisham II of Córdoba Dinar 94227.jpg|300px|thumb|[[Gold dinar]] of Hisham II al-Mu'ayyad bi-llah, First reign, (976–1009) al-Andalus ([[Córdoba, Spain|Cordoba]]) mint. Dated (AH 396) 1006/7 AD]]
In 976, at the age of 10, Hisham II succeeded his father [[Al-Hakam II]] as [[Caliph of Cordoba]]. Hisham II was a minor at the time of his accession and therefore was unfit to rule. In order to benefit the Caliphate, his mother [[Subh (sultana)|Subh]] was aided by first minister Jafar al-Mushafi to act as regents with [[al-Mansur ibn Abi Aamir]] (better known as "Almanzor") as her steward. In 978 Almanzor manipulated his way into the position of royal chamberlain. In an attempt to position himself as a prospective ruler of the Caliphate, Almanzor and General [[Ghālib ibn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān|Ghalib al-Siklabi]] sabotaged the brother of [[Al-Hakam II]] who was set to succeed his brother and become the next Caliph of Cordoba. Still too young to rule, Hisham II handed the reins of power over to Almanzor in 981, who became the ''de facto'' leader of the Caliphate until his death in 1002.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Clarke |first1=Nicola |title=Heirs and Spares: Elite Fathers and Their Sons in the Literary Sources of Umayyad Iberia |journal=Al-Masāq |date=2 January 2016 |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=67–83 |doi=10.1080/09503110.2016.1152805 |s2cid=146870151 |url=https://eprint.ncl.ac.uk/fulltext.aspx?url=219590/3BC5371E-74D6-4344-B832-6B1780DB62C6.pdf&pub_id=219590 }}</ref> [[Al-Mansur ibn Abi Amir]] perpetuated his position as the omnipotent ruler in charge of the empire while he exiled Hisham II and essentially kept him prisoner for most of his reign as the third [[Caliph of Cordoba]]. With his countless successful campaigns against Christian powers in the Spanish North such as Barcelona in 985, León in 988, as well as a major strike on the church of St. James in the [[Galician-Asturian|Galician]] city of [[Santiago de Compostela]] in 998,{{fact|date=April 2021}} [[Almanzor]] is known for bringing the [[Caliphate of Córdoba]] to its apex of power in [[Islamic Iberia|Islamic Iberian history]].

In 1002, after the death of his father (Almanzor), [[Abd al-Malik al-Muzaffar|Abd al-Malik]] (1002–1008) became the ruler of the Caliphate and led successful campaigns against [[Navarre]] and [[Barcelona]]. In 1008 [[Abd al-Rahman Sanchuelo]] (1008–1009) is said to have poisoned his brother ([[Abd al-Malik al-Muzaffar]]) which led to his death in October 1008.<ref name=":0">{{cite book |last1=Adang |first1=Camilla |last2=Fierro |first2=Maribel |last3=Schmidtke |first3=Sabine |title=Ibn Ḥazm of Cordoba: The Life and Works of a Controversial Thinker |date=2012 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-24310-1 }}{{pn|date=April 2021}}</ref> In 1009, while [[Abd al-Rahman Sanchuelo]] was waging war against [[Alfonso V of León|Alfonso&nbsp;V]] in [[León, Spain|León]], [[Muhammad&nbsp;II al-Mahdi]] usurped the throne from Hisham II then held him hostage in [[Córdoba, Andalusia|Cordoba]]. In November of the same year, just months after initiating his control as the ruler of the Caliphate, [[Abd al-Malik al-Muzaffar|Muhammad&nbsp;II al-Mahdi]] was overthrown by a primarily Berber army (that he had previously commanded, but by which he was later abandoned) which was led by [[Sulayman ibn al-Hakam]] in the battle of Alcolea. After the battle, Abd al-Rahman Sanchuelo was exiled to [[Toledo, Spain|Toledo]] at which point Sulayman laid siege to Cordoba freeing Hisham&nbsp;II from the imprisonment that took place under the rule of [[Muhammad&nbsp;II al-Mahdi]]. [[Sulayman ibn al-Hakam]] was appointed to Caliph by his Berber army and maintained that position until [[Abd al-Malik al-Muzaffar|Muhammad&nbsp;II al-Mahdi]] re-conquered the territory in May, 1010. Finally the Slavic troops of the Caliphate under al-Wahdid restored Hisham&nbsp;II as Caliph (1010–1013).

Hisham II was now under the influence of al-Wahdid, who was nevertheless unable to gain control of the Berber troops – these still supported Sulayman, and the civil war continued. In 1013 the Berbers took Cordoba with much plundering and destruction. What happened to Hisham after that is uncertain – supposedly he was killed on 19 April 1013 by the Berbers. In any case, Sulayman al-Mustaʿin (1013–1016) became Caliph.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=exuwlXT-ys0C&q=Hisham+II&pg=PT342|title=The Cambridge Medieval History vol 3 - Germany and the Western Empire|access-date=25 September 2016|last1=Bury|first1=John Bagnell|year=1922}}</ref>