Editing History of computing (section)

==Concrete devices==
Digital [[computing]] is intimately tied to the representation of [[number]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/computing/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/digital-computing|title=Digital Computing - Dictionary definition of Digital Computing {{!}} Encyclopedia.com: FREE online dictionary|website=www.encyclopedia.com|language=en|access-date=2017-09-11}}</ref> But long before [[abstraction]]s like ''the number'' arose, there were mathematical concepts to serve the purposes of civilization. These concepts are implicit in concrete practices such as:
*''[[Bijection|One-to-one correspondence]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.education.vic.gov.au/school/teachers/teachingresources/discipline/maths/continuum/Pages/onetoone.aspx |title = One-to-One Correspondence: 0.5|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121120235142/https://www.education.vic.gov.au/school/teachers/teachingresources/discipline/maths/continuum/Pages/onetoone.aspx|archive-date = 20 November 2012|website = Victoria Department of Education and Early Childhood Development}}</ref> a rule to [[counting|count]] ''how many'' items, e.g. on a [[tally stick]], eventually abstracted into ''numbers''.
*''Comparison to a standard'',<ref>{{Citation | last = Ifrah | first = Georges | author-link = Georges Ifrah | title = The Universal History of Numbers: From prehistory to the invention of the computer. | publisher = [[John Wiley and Sons]] | year= 2000 | page = 48 | isbn = 0-471-39340-1 }}</ref> a method for assuming ''[[reproducibility]]'' in a [[measurement]], for example, the number of [[coin]]s.
*The ''3-4-5'' right triangle was a device for assuring a ''right angle'', using [[rope]]s with 12 evenly spaced [[knot]]s, for example.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mathworld.wolfram.com/345Triangle.html|title=3, 4, 5 Triangle|last=W.|first=Weisstein, Eric|website=mathworld.wolfram.com|language=en|access-date=2017-09-11}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=December 2021|reason=Source only discusses 3-4-5 triangle in mathematics, and does not mention it as a physical device for computing.}}