Editing Holodomor (section)

== Etymology ==
The [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] word ''Holodomor'' means "death by hunger", "killing by hunger, killing by starvation",{{sfn|Werth|2012|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=xCHMFHQRNtYC&pg=PA396 396]}}{{sfn|Werth|2007|p=132}}{{sfn|Graziosi|2005|p=464, 457}} or sometimes "murder by hunger or starvation."{{sfn|Fawkes|2006}} It is a [[compound (linguistics)|compound]] of the Ukrainian {{langx|uk|holod|lit=[[hunger]]|label=none|italic=yes}} and {{langx|uk|mor|lit=[[plague (disease)|plague]]|label=none|italic=yes}}. The Ukrainian verb {{langx|uk|moryty|lit=|label=none|italic=yes}} ({{langx|uk|морити|lit=|label=none|italic=}}) means "to poison, to drive to exhaustion, or to torment", and the expression {{langx|uk|holodom moryty |lit=|label=none|italic=yes}} means "to inflict death by hunger."  The [[Perfective aspect|perfective]] form of {{langx|uk|moryty|lit=|label=none|italic=yes}} is {{langx|uk|zamoryty|lit=kill or drive to death|label=none|italic=yes}}.{{sfn|SumInUa Dictionary|2010}} In English, the Holodomor has also been referred to as the ''artificial famine'', ''terror-genocide'' and the ''great famine''.{{sfn|Serbyn|2005|pp=1055-1061}}{{sfn|Davies|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=4yWin1-ckYgC&pg=PA145 145]}}{{sfn|Boriak|von Hagen|2009}}

The word was used in print in the 1930s in Ukrainian diaspora publications in [[Czechoslovakia]] as ''Haladamor'',{{sfn|Applebaum|2017|p=363}} and by Ukrainian immigrant organisations in the United States and Canada by 1978;{{sfn|Hryshko|1983}}{{sfn|Dolot|1985}}{{sfn|Hadzewycz|Zarycky|Kolomayets|1983}} in the [[Soviet Union]], of which Ukraine was a [[Republics of the Soviet Union|constituent republic]], any references to the famine were dismissed as [[anti-Soviet propaganda]], even after [[de-Stalinization]] in 1956, until the declassification and publication of historical documents in the late 1980s made continued denial of the catastrophe unsustainable.{{sfn|Serbyn|2005|pp=1055-1061}}

Discussion of the Holodomor became possible as part of the Soviet ''[[glasnost]]'' ("openness") policy in the 1980s. In Ukraine, the first official use of ''famine'' was in a December 1987 speech by [[Volodymyr Shcherbytsky]]i, [[First Secretary of the Communist Party of Ukraine|First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine]], on the occasion of the republic's 70th anniversary.{{sfn|Graziosi|2004}} Another early public usage in the Soviet Union was in a February 1988 speech by Oleksiy Musiyenko, Deputy Secretary for ideological matters of the party organisation of the Kyiv branch of the [[Union of Soviet Writers]] in Ukraine.{{sfn|Musiienko|1988}}{{sfn|US Commission Report vol.1|p=67}}

The term ''holodomor'' may have first appeared in print in the Soviet Union on 18 July 1988, when Musiyenko's article on the topic was published.{{sfn|Mace|2008|p=132}} ''Holodomor'' is now an entry in the modern, two-volume dictionary of the Ukrainian language, published in 2004, described as "artificial hunger, organised on a vast scale by a criminal [[regime]] against a country's population."{{sfn|Busel 2001}}

According to Elazar Barkan, Elizabeth A. Cole, and Kai Struve, the Holodomor has been described as a "Ukrainian Holocaust". They assert that since the 1990s the term ''Holodomor'' has been widely adopted by [[anti-communists]] in order to draw parallels to [[the Holocaust]]. However this term has been criticized by some academics, as the Holocaust was a heavily documented, coordinated effort by [[Nazi Germany]] and its collaborators to eliminate certain ethnic groups such as Jews. By contrast, there is no definitive documentation that Stalin directly ordered the mass murder of Ukrainians.{{sfn|Getty|2018}}{{sfn|Engerman|2009|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=UkFlO7hoxOMC&pg=PA196 196]}} Barkan et al. state that the term ''Holodomor'' was "introduced and popularized by the Ukrainian diaspora in North America before Ukraine became independent" and that the term 'Holocaust' in reference to the famine "is not explained at all."{{sfn|Barkan|Cole|Struve|2007}}