Editing Hoover Institution (section)

==History==
===Founding===
{{Further|Hoover Institution Library and Archives}}
[[File:President Hoover portrait.tif|thumb|left|[[Herbert Hoover]], the 31st [[President of the United States|U.S. president]], and founder of the Hoover Institution]]
In June 1919, [[Herbert Hoover]], then a wealthy engineer who was one of [[Stanford University]]'s first graduates, sent a telegram offering Stanford president [[Ray Lyman Wilbur]] $50,000 in order to assist the collection of primary materials related to [[World War I]], a project that became known as the Hoover War Collection. Assisted primarily by gifts from private donors, the Hoover War Collection flourished during its early years. In 1922, the collection became known as the Hoover War Library, now known as the [[Hoover Institution Library and Archives]], and includes a variety of rare and unpublished material, including the files of the ''[[Okhrana]]'' and a plurality of government documents produced during the war.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Duignan |first=Peter |date=2001 |title=The Library of the Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace. Part 1: Origin and Growth |journal=Library History |volume=17 |pages=3–20 |doi=10.1179/lib.2001.17.1.3 |s2cid=144635878}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Hoover Timeline |url=https://www.hoover.org/about/timeline |access-date=June 19, 2022 |website=Hoover Institution |language=en |archive-date=June 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622163919/https://www.hoover.org/about/timeline |url-status=live }}</ref> It was housed originally in the [[Stanford Library]], separate from the general stacks. In his memoirs, Hoover wrote:
<blockquote>
I did a vast amount of reading, mostly on previous wars, revolutions, and peace-makings of Europe and especially the political and economic aftermaths. At one time I set up some research at London, Paris, and Berlin into previous famines in Europe to see if there had developed any ideas on handling relief and pestilence. ... I was shortly convinced that gigantic famine would follow the present war. The steady degeneration of agriculture was obvious. ... I read in one of [[Andrew D. White|Andrew D. White's]] writings that most of the fugitive literature of comment during the [[French Revolution]] was lost to history because no one set any value on it at the time, and that without such material it became very difficult or impossible to reconstruct the real scene. Therein lay the origins of the Library on War, Revolution and Peace at Stanford University.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hoover |first=Herbert |url=https://hoover.archives.gov/sites/default/files/research/ebooks/b1v1_full.pdf |title=The Memoirs of Herbert Hoover: Years of Adventure, 1874–1920 |publisher=Macmillan |year=1951 |location=New York |pages=184–85 |access-date=June 26, 2022 |archive-date=May 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531091223/https://hoover.archives.gov/sites/default/files/research/ebooks/b1v1_full.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
</blockquote>

===20th century===
{{Further|Hoover Tower}}
[[File:160919-D-SK590-091 (29170239914).jpg|thumb|Former [[United States Secretary of Defense]] [[Ash Carter]] speaks about defense innovation at the institution in [[Washington, D.C.]], in September 2016]]
By 1926, the Hoover War Library was the largest library in the world devoted to [[World War I]], including 1.4 million items and too large to house in the Stanford University Library, so the university allocated $600,000 for the construction of the [[Hoover Tower]], which was designed to be its permanent home independent of the Stanford Library system. The 285-foot tall tower was completed in 1941 on date of the university's [[golden jubilee]].<ref name="Library and Archives – Historical background">{{cite web |url= http://0055d26.netsolhost.com/hila/history.htm |title= Hoover Institution Library and Archives: Historical Background |website= Hoover Institution |access-date= November 26, 2008 |archive-date= July 19, 2008 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080719080229/http://0055d26.netsolhost.com/hila/history.htm |url-status= live }}</ref><ref name="Make A Gift">{{cite web |url=https://www.myscience.org/news/wire/tower_power_hoover_institution_celebrates_100_years_of_ideas_defining_a_free_society-2019-stanford |title=Make A Gift |website=myScience |date=January 11, 2019 |access-date=June 18, 2019 |archive-date=June 18, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618123401/https://www.myscience.org/news/wire/tower_power_hoover_institution_celebrates_100_years_of_ideas_defining_a_free_society-2019-stanford |url-status=live }}</ref> The tower has since been a well-recognized part of the Stanford campus.<ref name="100 Years of Hoover">{{cite web |url=https://stanfordpolitics.org/2019/05/11/100-years-of-hoover-a-history-of-stanfords-decades-long-debate-over-the-hoover-institution/ |title=100 Years of Hoover: A History of Stanford's Decades-Long Debate over the Hoover Institution |last=Bonafont |first=Roxy |date=May 11, 2019 |website=Stanford Political Journal |access-date=July 15, 2019 |archive-date=July 15, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715205433/https://stanfordpolitics.org/2019/05/11/100-years-of-hoover-a-history-of-stanfords-decades-long-debate-over-the-hoover-institution/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1956, former President Hoover, in conjunction with the Institution and Library, began a major fundraising campaign that transitioned the organization to its current form as a research institution as well as archive.

In 1957, the Hoover Institution and Library was renamed the Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace, its current name.<ref name="About Herbert Hoover and the Hoover Institution">{{cite web |url= http://www.hoover.org/about/timeline |title= Hoover Institution – Hoover Institution Timeline |work= hoover.org |access-date= March 9, 2017 |archive-date= March 10, 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170310193223/http://www.hoover.org/about/timeline |url-status= live }}</ref> In 1959, Stanford's Board of Trustees officially established the Hoover Institution as "an independent institution within the frame of Stanford University".<ref name=":2" />

In 1960, W. Glenn Campbell was appointed director and substantial budget increases soon resulted in corresponding increases in acquisitions and related research projects. In particular, the Chinese and Russian collections grew considerably. Despite student unrest during the 1960s, the institution continued to develop closer relations with Stanford University.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Duignan |first=Peter |date=2001 |title=The Library of the Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace. Part 2: The Campbell Years |journal=Library History |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=107–118 |doi=10.1179/lib.2001.17.2.107 |s2cid=144451652}}</ref>

In 1975, [[Ronald Reagan]], who was [[Governor of California]] at that time, was designated as Hoover's first honorary fellow. He donated his gubernatorial papers to the Hoover library.<ref name="csmonitor">{{cite web |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/1980/0327/032756.html |title=Hoover Institution; Leaning to the right |last=McBride |first=Stewart |date=March 27, 1980 |website=The Christian Science Monitor |access-date=July 17, 2019 |archive-date=September 13, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913233157/https://www.csmonitor.com/1980/0327/032756.html |url-status=live }}</ref> During that time the Hoover Institution had a general budget of $3.5 million a year. In 1976, one third of Stanford University's book holdings were housed at the Hoover library. At that time, it was the largest private archive collection in the United States.<ref name="100 Years of Hoover" />

For his [[1980 United States presidential election|presidential campaign in 1980]], Reagan engaged at least thirteen Hoover scholars to assist the campaign in multiple capacities.<ref>{{cite web |last=Fitzgerald |first=Patrick |date=February 1, 2008 |title=At Stanford, Hoover Debate Still Rages |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/at-stanford-hoover-debate-still-rages/ |access-date=July 17, 2019 |website=CBS News |archive-date=July 17, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717121152/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/at-stanford-hoover-debate-still-rages/ |url-status=live }}</ref> After Reagan won the election, more than thirty current or former Hoover Institution fellows worked for the Reagan administration in 1981.<ref name="100 Years of Hoover" />

In 1989, Campbell retired as director of Hoover and replaced by John Raisian, a change that was considered the end of an era.<ref>{{cite web |date=April 2002 |title=The Man Behind the Institution |url=https://stanfordmag.org/contents/the-man-behind-the-institution |access-date=July 18, 2019 |website=Stanford Magazine |archive-date=July 9, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709173328/https://stanfordmag.org/contents/the-man-behind-the-institution |url-status=live }}</ref> Raisan served as director until 2015, and was succeeded by [[Thomas W. Gilligan]].<ref name=":1">{{cite web |date=January 28, 2020 |title=Condoleezza Rice to lead Stanford's Hoover Institution |url=https://news.stanford.edu/2020/01/28/condoleezza-rice-lead-stanfords-hoover-institution/ |access-date=February 2, 2020 |website=Stanford News |archive-date=March 12, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200312174712/https://news.stanford.edu/2020/01/28/condoleezza-rice-lead-stanfords-hoover-institution/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===21st century===
[[File:Secretary Tillerson Participates in a Q&A Session at Stanford University (24883290627).jpg|thumb|Former [[United States Secretary of State|Secretaries of State]] [[Condoleezza Rice]] and [[Rex Tillerson]] during a Hoover forum in January 2018]] 
In 2001, Hoover Senior fellow [[Condoleezza Rice]] joined the [[Presidency of George W. Bush|George W. Bush administration]], serving as National Security Advisor from 2001 to 2005 and as Secretary of State from 2005 to 2009. In 2006, [[George W. Bush|President George W. Bush]] awarded the [[National Humanities Medal]] to the Hoover Institution.<ref>{{Cite web |title=President Bush Awards the 2006 National Humanities Medals |url=https://www.neh.gov/news/press-release/2006-11-08 |access-date=June 20, 2022 |website=The National Endowment for the Humanities |language=en |archive-date=September 13, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913233159/https://www.neh.gov/news/press-release/2006-11-08 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In August 2017, the David and Joan Traitel Building was inaugurated. The ground floor is a conference facility with a 400-seat [[auditorium]] and the top floor houses the Hoover Institution's headquarters.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.stanford.edu/2017/10/19/hoover-opens-new-david-joan-traitel-building/|title=Hoover opens new David and Joan Traitel Building|last=Martinovich|first=Milenko|date=October 19, 2017|work=Stanford News|access-date=June 20, 2022|archive-date=June 20, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620232144/https://news.stanford.edu/2017/10/19/hoover-opens-new-david-joan-traitel-building/|url-status=live}}</ref>

At any given time, as of 2017, the Hoover Institution has as many as 200 resident scholars known as fellows. They are an interdisciplinary group studying political science, education, economics, foreign policy, energy, history, law, national security, health and politics. Some have joint appointments as lecturers on the Stanford faculty.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.stanford.edu/2017/10/20/hoover-scholars-tackle-urgent-issues/|title=Through research and education, Hoover scholars tackle some of the most urgent issues of our time|last=Martinovich|first=Milenko|date=October 20, 2017|work=Stanford News|access-date=June 20, 2022|archive-date=June 30, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630165534/https://news.stanford.edu/2017/10/20/hoover-scholars-tackle-urgent-issues/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[First presidency of Donald Trump|first Trump administration]] maintained relations with the institution during his presidency, and several Hoover employees became senior advisors or were hired for jobs in his administration, including Secretary of Defense [[James N. Mattis]], who was the Davies Family Distinguished Visiting Fellow at Hoover from 2013 to 2016, where he studied leadership, national security, strategy, innovation, and the effective use of military force.<ref>See [https://www.defense.gov/About/Biographies/Biography/Article/1055835/james-n-mattis/ "James N. Mattis" ''U.S. Department of Defense''  (2023)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618181519/https://www.defense.gov/About/Biographies/Biography/Article/1055835/james-n-mattis/ |date=June 18, 2023 }}.</ref>

In March 2019, Mattis returned to his post at Hoover.<ref>See "Former Secretary Of Defense, General Jim Mattis, US Marine Corps (Ret.), Returns To The Hoover Institution At Stanford University" [https://www.hoover.org/press-releases/former-secretary-defense-general-jim-mattis-us-marine-corps-ret-returns-hoover online press release March 19, 2019] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618182811/https://www.hoover.org/press-releases/former-secretary-defense-general-jim-mattis-us-marine-corps-ret-returns-hoover |date=June 18, 2023 }}.</ref> Distinguished Visiting Fellow [[Kevin Hassett]] became the first chairman of  Trump's [[Council of Economic Advisors]] (CEA). The CEA chief principal economist, Josh Rauh, took leave from his Hoover Institution fellowship. After the third CEA chairman [[Tyler Goodspeed]] resigned in 2021, he went to Hoover.<ref>See "Hoover Institution Board of Overseers Holds Meetings in Washington, DC, Featuring Senior Trump Administration Officials" ''News from the Hoover Institution'' February 24, 2020 [https://www.hoover.org/news/hoover-institution-board-overseers-holds-meetings-washington-dc-featuring-senior-trump online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618181521/https://www.hoover.org/news/hoover-institution-board-overseers-holds-meetings-washington-dc-featuring-senior-trump |date=June 18, 2023 }}</ref>

In February 2020, the Hoover board of trustees brought in senior Trump economic officials for off-the-record forecasts. According to ''[[The New York Times]]'', "The president’s aides appeared to be giving wealthy party donors an early warning of a potentially impactful contagion at a time when Mr. Trump was publicly insisting that the threat was nonexistent." The board members spread the bad news and the stock market had a selloff.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Kelly|first1=Kate|last2=Mazzetti|first2=Mark|date=2020-10-14|title=As Virus Spread Early On, Reports of Trump Administration Briefings Fueled Sell-Off|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/14/us/politics/coronavirus-trump-investors.html|access-date=2020-10-15|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=October 15, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015023337/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/14/us/politics/coronavirus-trump-investors.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2020, [[Condoleezza Rice]] succeeded [[Thomas W. Gilligan]] as director.<ref name=":1" />

In November 2020, [[Scott Atlas]], a Hoover fellow, was known for opposing public health measures as a major Trump advisor during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], and was condemned by a [[Stanford University]] faculty vote in November 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 20, 2020 |title=Stanford faculty votes to condemn Scott Atlas, White House coronavirus adviser and Hoover Institution fellow |url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2020/11/20/stanford-faculty-votes-to-condemn-scott-atlas-white-house-coronavirus-adviser-and-hoover-institution-fellow |access-date=June 20, 2022 |website=The Mercury News |language=en-US |archive-date=September 13, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913233205/https://www.mercurynews.com/2020/11/20/stanford-faculty-votes-to-condemn-scott-atlas-white-house-coronavirus-adviser-and-hoover-institution-fellow/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In January 2021, during Stanford University faculty senate discussions on closer collaboration between the university and the Institution in 2021, Rice "addressed campus criticism that the Hoover Institution is a partisan think tank that primarily supports conservative administrations and policy positions" by sharing "statistics that show Hoover fellows contribute financially to both political parties on an equal basis", according to the university's newsletter.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=University |first=Stanford |date=January 29, 2021 |title=Stanford's relationship to the Hoover Institution highlights Faculty Senate discussion |url=https://news.stanford.edu/report/2021/01/29/stanfords-relationship-hoover-institution-highlights-faculty-senate-discussion/ |access-date=June 19, 2022 |website=Stanford Report |language=en |archive-date=September 13, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913233201/https://news.stanford.edu/stories/2021/01/stanfords-relationship-hoover-institution-highlights-faculty-senate-discussion |url-status=live }}</ref>

According to ''[[DeSmog]]'', the Hoover Institution accepts [[scientific consensus on climate change]], but has long opposed [[climate action]].<ref name=desmog>{{cite web |url=https://www.desmog.com/hoover-institution/|title=Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace |publisher=DeSmog |accessdate=September 22, 2024 }}</ref> Some Hoover fellows downplay [[climate change]].<ref name=desmog />