Editing Hops (section)

==History==
The first documented hop cultivation was in 736, in the [[Hallertau]] region of present-day Germany.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ian Hornsey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=omwoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA58 |title=Brewing |date=31 October 2007 |isbn=9781847550286 |page=58| publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry }}</ref> In 768, hop gardens were left to the Cloister of Saint-Denis in a will of [[Pepin the Short]], the father of [[Charlemagne]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Unger |first=Richard W. |title=Beer in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance |date=2007 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-1999-9 |edition= |location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |pages=53–54}}</ref> The first mention of hops being used in German brewing was in 1079.<ref>{{Cite book |last=H.S. Corran |url=http://www.abebooks.com/servlet/BookDetailsPL?bi=17784589708&searchurl=isbn%3D0715367358%26tn%3DA%2520History%2520of%2520Brewing%26an%3Dcorran |title=History of Brewing |date=23 January 1975 |publisher=David and Charles PLC |isbn=978-0715367353 |page=303}}</ref>

Not until the 13th century did hops begin to start threatening the use of [[gruit]] for flavouring. [[Gruit]] was used when the nobility levied taxes on hops. Whichever was taxed made the brewer then quickly switch to the other.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Verberg |first=Susan |date=2020 |title=From Herbal to Hopped Beer: The Displacement of Regional Herb Beer Traditions by Commercial Export Brewing in Medieval Europe |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/346930430 |journal=Brewery History |volume=183 |pages=9–23 |via=ResearchGate}}</ref>

In Britain, hopped beer was first imported from Holland around 1400, yet hops were condemned as late as 1519 as a "wicked and pernicious weed".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Richard W. Unger |title=Beer in the Middle Ages and Renaissance |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |year=2004 |page=100}}</ref>

In Germany, using hops was also a religious and political choice in the early 16th century. There was no tax on hops to be paid to the Catholic church, unlike on gruit. For this reason the Protestants preferred hopped beer.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mika Rissanen |title=The Reformation had some help from hops |url=https://www.academia.edu/28640210 |access-date=21 September 2016 |website=www.academia.edu}}</ref>

Hops used in England were imported from France, Holland and Germany and were subject to [[import duty]]; it was not until 1524 that hops were first grown in the southeast of England ([[Kent]]), when they were introduced as an agricultural crop by [[Dutch people|Dutch]] farmers. Consequently, many words used in the hop industry derive from the [[Dutch language]]. Hops were then grown as far north as [[Aberdeen]], near breweries for convenience of infrastructure.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pocock |first=D. C. D. |title=England's diminished Hop-acreage |publisher=Geographical Association |year=1959 |pages=14–22}}</ref>

According to [[Thomas Tusser]]'s 1557 ''Five Hundred Points of Good Husbandry'':

<blockquote><poem>The hop for his profit I thus do exalt,
It strengtheneth drink and it flavored malt;
And being well-brewed long kept it will last,
And drawing abide, if ye draw not too fast.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Knight |first=Charles |author-link=Charles Knight (publisher) |year=1832 |url=https://archive.org/stream/ThePennyMagazineOfTheSocietyForTheDiffusionOfUsefulKnowledge/ThePennyMagazineOfTheSocietyForTheDiffusionOfUsefulKnowledge1832#page/n15/mode/2up |title=Antiquity of Beer |work=[[Penny Magazine|The Penny Magazine]] |page=3}}</ref></poem></blockquote>

In England there were many complaints over the quality of imported hops, the sacks of which were often contaminated by stalks, sand or straw to increase their weight. As a result, in 1603, King [[James VI and I|James I]] approved an Act of Parliament banning the practice by which "the Subjects of this Realm have been of late years abused &c. to the Value of £20,000 yearly, besides the Danger of their Healths".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Adam Anderson |url=https://archive.org/details/historicalchrono01ande |title=An Historical and Chronological Deduction of the Origin of Commerce |year=1764 |volume=1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/historicalchrono01ande/page/461 461] |author-link=Adam Anderson (economist)}}</ref>

Hop cultivation was begun in the present-day United States in 1629 by English and Dutch farmers.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Charles W. Bamforth |title=Beer: tap into the art and science of brewing |publisher=Plenum Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-306-45797-5 |page=245}}</ref> Before [[prohibition in the United States|prohibition]], cultivation was mainly centred around New York, California, Oregon, and [[Washington (state)|Washington state]]. Problems with [[powdery mildew]] and [[downy mildew]] devastated New York's production by the 1920s, and California only produces hops on a small scale.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Knight |first=Paul D. |title=HOPS IN BEER |url=http://www.usahops.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=hop_info&pageID=16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610130142/http://www.usahops.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=hop_info&pageID=16 |archive-date=10 June 2015 |access-date=11 June 2015 |website=USA Hops |publisher=Hop Growers of America}}</ref>