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Howell E. Jackson
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==Early life and career== Jackson was born in [[Paris, Tennessee]], on April 8, 1832.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FGoEj2tBGMkC|title=Supreme Court Justices: Illustrated Biographies|publisher=[[CQ Press]]|year=2013|isbn=978-1-60871-832-0|editor-last=Cushman|editor-first=Clare|location=Thousand Oaks, CA|pages=239β243|language=en|access-date=April 23, 2021|archive-date=April 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426174809/https://books.google.com/books?id=FGoEj2tBGMkC|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Rp|239}} His parents, natives of Virginia, moved to Tennessee in 1827.<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|239}} Jackson's father, Alexander, was a university-trained physician in a time when professional medical training was rare.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Calvani|first=Terry|author-link=Terry Calvani|date=January 1977|title=The Early Legal Career of Howell Jackson|url=https://scholarship.law.vanderbilt.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3093&context=vlr|journal=[[Vanderbilt Law Review]]|volume=30|issue=1|pages=39β72|via=Scholarship@Vanderbilt Law|access-date=April 23, 2021|archive-date=April 23, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423002905/https://scholarship.law.vanderbilt.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3093&context=vlr|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Rp|41β42}} A [[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]], Alexander later served in the [[Tennessee General Assembly|Tennessee legislature]] and as mayor of [[Jackson, Tennessee]].<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|42β43}} The Jackson family moved to [[Madison County, Tennessee]], in 1840.<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|239}} Howell Jackson enrolled at Western Tennessee College, where he studied Greek and Latin.<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|239}} After graduating in 1850, he pursued post-graduate studies at the [[University of Virginia]] for two years.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|44}} Jackson then [[Reading law|read law]] with [[Archibald W. O. Totten|A. W. O. Totten]], a justice of the [[Tennessee Supreme Court]], and with attorney and former U.S. Congressman [[Milton Brown (politician)|Milton Brown]].<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|44}} He next entered [[Cumberland School of Law|Cumberland Law School]], graduating in 1856 after one year's study.<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|239}} Jackson was admitted to the bar that same year<ref>{{Cite book|last=Carson|first=Hampton Lawrence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VH5GAQAAMAAJ|title=The History of the Supreme Court of the United States: With Biographies of All the Chief and Associate Justices|publisher=P. W. Ziegler|year=1904|volume=2|location=Philadelphia|language=en|author-link=Hampton L. Carson (lawyer)|page=567|access-date=April 24, 2021|archive-date=June 16, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616115939/https://books.google.com/books?id=VH5GAQAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> and began practicing law in the town of Jackson.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|46}} His work there appears to have been largely unsuccessful, and he moved to the larger city of [[Memphis, Tennessee]], in 1857.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|46β47}} There he established a joint legal practice with [[David Maney Currin|David M. Currin]], who later served as a [[Confederate States Congress|Confederate congressman]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hudspeth|first=Harvey Gresham|date=Summer 1999|title=Howell Edmunds Jackson and the Making Of Tennessee's First Native-Born Supreme Court Justice, 1893β1895|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42628467|journal=[[Tennessee Historical Quarterly]]|volume=58|issue=2|pages=140β155 [141]|jstor=42628467|issn=0040-3261|access-date=April 26, 2021|archive-date=April 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426002911/https://www.jstor.org/stable/42628467|url-status=live}}</ref> The firm was successful, and it provided Jackson with experience in corporate litigation.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|47}} Tennessee [[Secession in the United States|seceded]] from the Union in 1861.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|48}} Although Jackson had opposed secession, he supported the Southern side in the war that followed.<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|last=Green|first=John W.|date=June 1944|title=Two United States Circuit Judges|url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/tenn18&div=43&id=&page=|journal=[[Tennessee Law Review]]|volume=18|issue=4|pages=311β322|via=HeinOnline|access-date=June 16, 2021|archive-date=June 16, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616115956/https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals%2Ftenn18&div=43&id=&page=|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Rp|317}} Judge [[West Hughes Humphreys|West H. Humphreys]] appointed Jackson to enforce Confederate [[Sequestration (law)|sequestration law]] in western Tennessee, placing him in charge of confiscating and selling the property of Union loyalists.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Hudspeth|first=Harvey Gresham|date=Winter 2003|title=In Service to the Confederacy: Howell Edmunds Jackson, West Tennessee's Receiver of Sequestered Property, 1861β1862|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42627794|journal=[[Tennessee Historical Quarterly]]|volume=62|issue=4|pages=354β365|issn=0040-3261|jstor=42627794|access-date=April 26, 2021|archive-date=April 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426002655/https://www.jstor.org/stable/42627794|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Rp|357β359}} Extant newspaper accounts show Jackson auctioned off a wide variety of property, including almonds, pickles, chairs, alcohol, tobacco and dried peaches.<ref name=":2" />{{Rp|359, 361}} Just before the Union [[First Battle of Memphis|recaptured Memphis]] in 1862, Jackson fled with his family to [[LaGrange, Georgia]].<ref name=":2" />{{Rp|362}} He attempted unsuccessfully to secure a position in the Confederate military judiciary.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|49β50}} After the [[American Civil War|Civil War]] ended in 1865, Jackson returned to Memphis.<ref name=":2" />{{Rp|362}} Since he had served in the Confederate government, he had to secure a [[Pardons for ex-Confederates|presidential pardon]] before he could continue the practice of law.<ref name=":2" />{{Rp|362}} Arguing that his role in the Confederate civil service was small, Jackson claimed in his petition that no formal sequestration orders had ever been issued under his tenure.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|51β52}} Scholar [[Terry Calvani]] has contended these statements in Jackson's application "simply were not true", characterizing them as [[perjury]].<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|52β53}} President [[Andrew Johnson]] initially rejected Jackson's petition, but he granted a second request in 1866.<ref name=":2" />{{Rp|362}} Since Currin had died during the war, Jackson started a new legal practice with a former colleague.<ref name=":2" />{{Rp|362}} Their clients consisted mainly of banks and other business enterprises.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Myers|first=Gustavus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mt89AAAAIAAJ|title=History of the Supreme Court of the United States|publisher=C. H. Kerr|year=1912|location=Chicago|page=597|language=en|author-link=Gustavus Myers|access-date=April 28, 2021|archive-date=June 16, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616120010/https://books.google.com/books?id=Mt89AAAAIAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> The firm was successful, arguing numerous cases before the Memphis courts.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|55}} Jackson's political sympathies had by this time moved toward the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Schiffman|first=Irving|date=Winter 1970|title=Escaping the Shroud of Anonymity: Justice Howell Edmunds Jackson and the Income Tax Case|url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/tenn37&div=47&id=&page=|journal=[[Tennessee Law Review]]|volume=37|issue=2|pages=334β348|via=HeinOnline|access-date=June 16, 2021|archive-date=May 18, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518204341/https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals%2Ftenn37&div=47&id=&page=|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Rp|339}} A [[Redeemers|Redeemer]], he was against [[Reconstruction era|Reconstruction-era]] policies and efforts toward racial equality.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Newkirk|first=Zachary|date=2014|title=Gray Jackets and Rifles to Black Robes and Gavels: Confederate Veterans in the U.S. Federal Courts from Ulysses S. Grant to William H. Taft|url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/jslh22&div=9&id=&page=|journal=Journal of Southern Legal History|volume=22|pages=187β231|via=HeinOnline|access-date=June 16, 2021|archive-date=April 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427003141/https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals%2Fjslh22&div=9&id=&page=|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Rp|210}} After his first wife died in 1873, he returned to the town of Jackson, where he started a law practice with General [[Alexander William Campbell (general)|Alexander W. Campbell]].<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|59β60}} Their firm litigated many cases involving property and criminal law.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|59β60}} Jackson was well regarded as a lawyer: he sat as a judge on the local courts and served as a law professor at [[Union University|Southwestern Baptist University]] (now Union University).<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|62β63}}
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