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Hukbalahap
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==Background== [[File:Luis M. Taruc Hukbalahap Monument 20.jpg|thumb|right|150px|[[Luis Taruc]] - Hukbalahap historical marker in [[San Luis, Pampanga]]]] The Hukbalahap movement has deep roots in the Spanish ''[[encomienda]]'', a system of grants to reward soldiers who had conquered [[New Spain]], established in 1570. This developed into a system of exploitation. In the 19th century, Filipino landlordism, under the [[History of the Philippines (1521β1898)|Spanish colonization]], arose further abuses.<ref name=Taruc>Taruc, L., 1967, ''He Who Rides the Tiger'', London: Geoffrey Chapman Ltd.</ref>{{rp|57}} After the opening of ports in Manila, Luzon's economy was transformed to meet the demands for exports of rice, sugar, and tobacco. Landowners increased the demands on farmers who rented parcels of land. These demands included increased rents, demands for proceeds from the sale of crops, and predatory lending agreements to fund farm improvements.<ref name="Lanzona">{{cite book|last1=Lanzona |first1=Vina A. |title=Amazons of the Huk rebellion gender, sex, and revolution in the Philippines |date=2009 |publisher=[[University of Wisconsin Press]] |location=Madison, Wis. |isbn=9780299230937 |edition=[Online-Ausg.] |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/book/8683 |access-date=September 10, 2016}}{{subscription required|via=[https://muse.jhu.edu/ Project MUSE]}}</ref>{{rp|24, 26}} Only after the coming of the Americans were reforms initiated to lessen tensions between tenants and landlords. The reforms, however, did not solve the problems, and with growing political consciousness produced by education, peasants began to unite under educated but poor leaders. The most potent of these organizations was the Hukbalahap, which began as a resistance organization against the Japanese but ended as an anti-government resistance movement in 1946.{{sfn|Agoncillo|1990|p=441}}
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