Editing Human cloning (section)

==History==
Although the possibility of [[cloning]] humans had been the subject of speculation for much of the 20th century, scientists and policymakers began to take the prospect seriously in 1969. [[J. B. S. Haldane]] was the first to introduce the idea of human cloning, for which he used the terms "clone" and "cloning",<ref>{{cite book|title=Should scientists pursue cloning?|last=Thomas|first=Isabel|publisher=Raintree|date=2013|isbn=978-1-4062-3391-9|location=London|page=5}}</ref> which had been used in agriculture since the early 20th century. In his speech on "Biological Possibilities for the Human Species of the Next Ten Thousand Years" at the ''[[Ciba Foundation]] Symposium on Man and his Future'' in 1963, he said:<ref>{{cite book|title=Man and his future|author=Haldane, J.B.S.|publisher=J. & A. Churchill|year=1963|isbn=978-0-470-71479-9|editor=Wolstenholme, Gordon|series=Novartis Foundation Symposia|location=London|pages=337–361|chapter=Biological Possibilities for the Human Species in the Next Ten Thousand Years|doi=10.1002/9780470715291.ch22}}</ref>
{{Blockquote|It is extremely hopeful that some human cell lines can be grown on a medium of precisely known chemical composition. Perhaps the first step will be the production of a clone from a single fertilized egg, as in ''[[Brave New World]]''...

Assuming that cloning is possible, I expect that most clones would be made from people aged at least fifty, except for athletes and dancers, who would be cloned younger. They would be made from people who were held to have excelled in a socially acceptable accomplishment...}}

Nobel Prize-winning geneticist [[Joshua Lederberg]] advocated cloning and [[genetic engineering]] in an article in ''[[The American Naturalist]]'' in 1966 and again, the following year, in ''[[The Washington Post]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Lederberg |first=Joshua |date=1966 |title=Experimental Genetics and Human Evolution |journal=The American Naturalist |volume=100 |issue=915 |pages=519–531 |doi=10.1086/282446 |bibcode=1966BuAtS..22h...4L |s2cid=222323744 }}</ref> He sparked a debate with conservative bioethicist [[Leon Kass]], who wrote at the time that "the programmed reproduction of man will, in fact, dehumanize him." Another [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Nobel Laureate]], [[James D. Watson]], publicized the potential and the perils of cloning in his ''[[Atlantic Monthly]]'' essay, "Moving Toward the Clonal Man", in 1971.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Watson|first=James D.|date=1 May 1971|title=Moving Toward the Clonal Man|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1971/05/moving-toward-the-clonal-man/305435/|access-date=29 March 2023|website=The Atlantic|language=en|archive-date=28 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328082449/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1971/05/moving-toward-the-clonal-man/305435/|url-status=live}}</ref>

With the cloning of a sheep known as [[Dolly (sheep)|Dolly]] in 1996 by [[somatic cell nuclear transfer]] (SCNT), the idea of human cloning became a hot debate topic.<ref name=TIME>{{cite news|title=Researchers Clone Cells From Two Adult Men|first=Alice|last=Park|date=17 April 2014|magazine=Time|url=https://time.com/65610/cloning-cells-from-two-adult-men/|access-date=18 April 2014|archive-date=24 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124141322/http://time.com/65610/cloning-cells-from-two-adult-men/|url-status=live}}</ref> Many nations outlawed it, while a few scientists promised to make a clone within the next few years. The first [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrid]] human clone was created in November 1998, by [[Advanced Cell Technology]]. It was created using SCNT; a nucleus was taken from a man's leg cell and inserted into a cow's egg from which the nucleus had been removed, and the hybrid cell was cultured and developed into an [[embryo]]. The embryo was destroyed after 12 days.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/371378.stm |work=BBC News |title=Details of hybrid clone revealed |date=18 June 1999 |access-date=30 April 2010 |archive-date=14 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101114064034/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/371378.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2004 and 2005, [[Hwang Woo-suk]], a professor at [[Seoul National University]], published two separate articles in the journal [[Science (journal)|'' Science'']] claiming to have successfully harvested pluripotent, [[embryonic stem cells]] from a cloned human blastocyst using SCNT techniques. Hwang claimed to have created eleven different patient-specific stem cell lines. This would have been the first major breakthrough in human cloning.<ref>Fischbak, Ruth L., John D. Loike, Janet Mindes, and Columbia Center for New Media Teaching & Learning. [http://stemcellbioethics.wikischolars.columbia.edu/The+Cloning+Scandal+of+Hwang+Woo-Suk The Cloning Scandal of Hwang Woo-Suk] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027154510/http://stemcellbioethics.wikischolars.columbia.edu/The+Cloning+Scandal+of+Hwang+Woo-Suk |date=27 October 2014 }}, part of the online course, [http://stemcellbioethics.wikischolars.columbia.edu/ Stem Cells: Biology, Ethics, and Applications] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140827195610/http://stemcellbioethics.wikischolars.columbia.edu/ |date=27 August 2014 }}</ref> However, in 2006 ''Science'' retracted both of his articles on account of clear evidence that much of his data from the experiments was fabricated.<ref name="pmid17138870">{{cite journal|last=Kennedy |first=D. |date=2006|title=Responding to fraud|journal=Science|volume=314|issue=5804|pages=1353|doi=10.1126/science.1137840|pmid=17138870|s2cid=37403975|doi-access=free}}</ref>

In January 2008, Dr. Andrew French and [[Samuel H. Wood|Samuel Wood]] of the biotechnology company [[Stemagen]] announced that they successfully created the first five mature human embryos using SCNT. In this case, each embryo was created by taking a nucleus from a skin cell (donated by Wood and a colleague) and inserting it into a human egg from which the nucleus had been removed. The embryos were developed only to the [[blastocyst]] stage, at which point they were studied in processes that destroyed them.  Members of the lab said that their next set of experiments would aim to generate embryonic stem cell lines; these are the "holy grail" that would be useful for therapeutic or reproductive cloning.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Weiss|first=Rick|date=18 January 2008|title=Mature Human Embryos Created From Adult Skin Cells|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|language=en-US|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/01/17/AR2008011700324.html|access-date=29 March 2023|issn=0190-8286|archive-date=12 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712065533/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/01/17/AR2008011700324.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="pmid18202077">{{cite journal |last1=French |first1=Andrew J. |last2=Adams |first2=Catharine A. |last3=Anderson |first3=Linda S. |last4=Kitchen |first4=John R. |last5=Hughes |first5=Marcus R. |last6=Wood |first6=Samuel H. |title=Development of Human Cloned Blastocysts Following Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer with Adult Fibroblasts |journal=Stem Cells |date=February 2008 |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=485–493 |doi=10.1634/stemcells.2007-0252 |pmid=18202077 |s2cid=21251761 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

In 2011, scientists at the New York Stem Cell Foundation announced that they had succeeded in generating embryonic stem cell lines, but their process involved leaving the [[oocyte]]'s nucleus in place, resulting in [[triploid]] cells, which would not be useful for cloning.<ref name=TrounsonComment/><ref name="pmid21979046">{{cite journal |vauthors=Noggle S, Fung HL, Gore A, Martinez H, Satriani KC, Prosser R, Oum K, Paull D, Druckenmiller S, Freeby M, Greenberg E, Zhang K, Goland R, Sauer MV, Leibel RL, Egli D | title = Human oocytes reprogram somatic cells to a pluripotent state | journal = Nature | volume = 478 | issue = 7367 | pages = 70–5 |date= 2011 | pmid = 21979046 | doi = 10.1038/nature10397 | bibcode = 2011Natur.478...70N | s2cid = 4370078 }}</ref><ref name="pmid21979039">{{cite journal |vauthors=Daley GQ, Solbakk JH | title = Stem cells: Triple genomes go far | journal = Nature | volume = 478 | issue = 7367 | pages = 40–1 |date= 2011 | pmid = 21979039 | doi = 10.1038/478040a | bibcode = 2011Natur.478...40D | s2cid = 203897553 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

In 2013, a group of scientists led by [[Shoukhrat Mitalipov]] published the first report of embryonic stem cells created using SCNT.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tachibana |first=Masahito |last2=Amato |first2=Paula |last3=Sparman |first3=Michelle |last4=Gutierrez |first4=Nuria Marti |last5=Tippner-Hedges |first5=Rebecca |last6=Ma |first6=Hong |last7=Kang |first7=Eunju |last8=Fulati |first8=Alimujiang |last9=Lee |first9=Hyo-Sang |last10=Sritanaudomchai |first10=Hathaitip |last11=Masterson |first11=Keith |last12=Larson |first12=Janine |last13=Eaton |first13=Deborah |last14=Sadler-Fredd |first14=Karen |last15=Battaglia |first15=David |date=2013-05-15 |title=Human Embryonic Stem Cells Derived by Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0092867413005710 |journal=Cell |language=en |volume=153 |issue=6 |pages=1228–1238 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2013.05.006 |pmc=3772789 |pmid=23683578}}</ref> In this experiment, the researchers developed a protocol for using SCNT in human cells, which differs slightly from the one used in other organisms.  Four embryonic stem cell lines from human fetal somatic cells were derived from those blastocysts. All four lines were derived using oocytes from the same donor, ensuring that all [[mitochondrial DNA]] inherited was identical.<ref name=TrounsonComment>{{cite journal |vauthors=Trounson A, DeWitt ND | title = Pluripotent stem cells from cloned human embryos: success at long last | journal = Cell Stem Cell | volume = 12 | issue = 6 | pages = 636–8 |date= 2013 | pmid = 23746970 | doi = 10.1016/j.stem.2013.05.022 | doi-access = free }}</ref> A year later, a team led by [[Robert Lanza]] at Advanced Cell Technology reported that they had replicated Mitalipov's results and further demonstrated the effectiveness by cloning adult cells using SCNT.<ref name=TIME /><ref name="pmid24746675">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chung YG, Eum JH, Lee JE, Shim SH, Sepilian V, Hong SW, Lee Y, Treff NR, Choi YH, Kimbrel EA, Dittman RE, Lanza R, Lee DR | title = Human somatic cell nuclear transfer using adult cells | journal = Cell Stem Cell | volume = 14 | issue = 6 | pages = 777–80 |date= 2014 | pmid = 24746675 | doi = 10.1016/j.stem.2014.03.015 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

In 2018, the first successful [[clone (cell biology)|cloning]] of [[primates]] using SCNT was reported with the birth of two live female clones, [[crab-eating macaques]] named [[Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua]].<ref name="CELL-20180124">{{cite journal |author=Liu, Zhen|display-authors=et al |title=Cloning of Macaque Monkeys by Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer |date=24 January 2018 |journal=[[Cell (journal)|Cell]] |volume=172 |issue=4 |pages=881–887.e7 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2018.01.020 |pmid=29395327 |s2cid=206567964 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="SCINAT-20180124">{{cite journal |last=Normile |first=Dennis |title=These monkey twins are the first primate clones made by the method that developed Dolly |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/these-monkey-twins-are-first-primate-clones-made-method-developed-dolly |date=24 January 2018 |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |doi=10.1126/science.aat1066 |access-date=24 January 2018 |archive-date=27 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127202402/https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2018/01/these-monkey-twins-are-first-primate-clones-made-method-developed-dolly |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref>