Editing Hummer (section)

==History==

===Origin===
[[AM General]] had planned to sell a civilian version of its Humvee as far back as the late 1980s. Having the same structure and most mechanical components, the civilian Hummers were finished in automotive gloss paint, adding passenger car enhancements such as [[air conditioning]], sound insulation, upgraded upholstery, stereo systems, wood trim, and convenience packages.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.maritimehummer.com/1997.html |title=Hummer still a rich man's toy |first=Al |last=Hass |website=maritimehummer.com |date=June 20, 1998 |access-date=April 6, 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110714034803/http://www.maritimehummer.com/1997.html |archive-date=July 14, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The civilian model began in part because of the persistence of [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]], who saw an Army convoy while filming ''[[Kindergarten Cop]]'' in Oregon and began to campaign and lobby for a civilian version to be available on the market.<ref>{{cite book|last=Leamer |first=Laurence |title=Fantastic: The Life of Arnold Schwarzenegger |year=2006 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |isbn=9781429906364 |page=278 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=p_lPLwK8r0UC |access-date=December 16, 2017}}</ref>

In 1992, AM General began selling a civilian version of the M998 [[Humvee]] vehicle to the public under the brand name "Hummer".<ref name="corphistory">{{cite web |url= http://www.amgeneral.com/corporate/history.php |title=Company History |publisher=AM General |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100826093659/http://www.amgeneral.com/corporate/history.php |archive-date=August 26, 2010 |url-status=dead |access-date=April 10, 2022}}</ref> The first two Hummer H1s to be sold were purchased by Schwarzenegger.

===GM purchase===
In December 1999, AM General sold the brand name to General Motors but continued to manufacture the vehicles.<ref name="corphistory"/> GM was responsible for the marketing and distribution of all civilian Hummers produced by AM General. Shortly thereafter, GM introduced two of its own design models, the [[Hummer H2|H2]] and [[Hummer H3|H3]], and renamed the original vehicle H1. AM General continued to build the H1 until it was discontinued in 2006<ref>{{cite web|url= http://news.moneycentral.msn.com/ticker/article.asp?Symbol=US:GM&Feed=AP&Date=20060512&ID=5717547&GT1=8181 |title=Page expired – MSN Money |publisher=MSN |access-date=September 6, 2010 }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> and was contracted by GM to produce the H2. The H3 was built in Shreveport, LA, alongside the [[Chevrolet Colorado]] and GMC Canyon pickups, with which it shared the [[GM GMT platform#GMT 355|GMT-355]] platform (modified and designated GMT-345). Hummer dealership buildings featured an oversized half [[Quonset Hut]] style roof, themed to the Hummer brand's military origins.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.steelmasterusa.com/rugged-yet-refined-roofing-2 |title=Roofing for HUMMER Dealerships |website=Steelmasterusa.com |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090924010550/http://www.steelmasterusa.com/rugged-yet-refined-roofing-2 |archive-date=September 24, 2009 |access-date=April 10, 2022}}</ref>

[[File:2006 Hummer H3 H1 and H2.jpg|thumb|300px|alt=From left: 2006 [[Hummer H3]], [[Hummer H1|H1]], and [[Hummer H2|H2]]|From left: [[Hummer H3]], [[Hummer H1|H1]], and [[Hummer H2|H2]] models]]
By 2006, the Hummer began to be exported and sold through importers and distributors in 33 countries.<ref name="gmpr06">{{cite web |url=http://www.gminsidenews.com/forums/f18/hummer-sustains-steady-upward-sales-trend-north-america-overseas-38512/ |title=Hummer Sustains Steady, Upward Sales Trend in North America And Overseas |author=GM Media Online, partially archived at GM Inside News Forum |date=October 10, 2006 |access-date=April 6, 2015 |archive-date=December 28, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228052005/http://www.gminsidenews.com/forums/f18/hummer-sustains-steady-upward-sales-trend-north-america-overseas-38512/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On October 10, 2006, GM began producing the Hummer H3 at its [[Port Elizabeth]] plant in South Africa for international markets.<ref name="gmpr06" /> The Hummers built there at first were only left-hand drive, but right-hand drive versions were added and exported to Australia and other markets.

The H2 was also assembled in [[Kaliningrad]], Russia, by [[Avtotor]], starting in 2006 and ending in 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.pravda.ru/business/companies/26-03-2010/112735-hummer-0/ |title=GM's Iconic Military Offroad Vehicle Becomes History |website=Pravda.ru |date=March 26, 2010 |access-date=April 6, 2015 |archive-date=December 28, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228034100/http://english.pravda.ru/business/companies/26-03-2010/112735-hummer-0/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The plant produced a few hundred vehicles annually, and its output was limited to local consumption with five dealers in Russia.

On June 3, 2008, one day prior to GM's annual shareholder meeting, Rick Wagoner, GM's CEO at that time, said the brand was being reviewed and would possibly be sold, have the production line completely redesigned, or be discontinued.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/06/03/AR2008060300979.html?hpid=topnews |newspaper=The Washington Post |title=GM Closing 4 Truck and SUV Plants in North America |first=Howard |last=Schneider |date=June 3, 2008 |access-date=April 6, 2015 |archive-date=December 20, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220201125/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/06/03/AR2008060300979.html?hpid=topnews |url-status=live }}</ref> This was due to the decreasing demand for large SUVs as a result of higher oil prices. Almost immediately after the announcement, a pair of Indian automakers, including [[Mahindra & Mahindra]], expressed interest in purchasing all or part of Hummer.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.autotrends.org/indian-automakers-eyeing-hummer/ |first=Matt |last=Keegan |title=Indian Automakers Eyeing Hummer? |website=Autotrends.org |date=June 9, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100621023538/http://www.autotrends.org/indian-automakers-eyeing-hummer/ |archive-date=June 21, 2010 |access-date=April 10, 2022}}</ref>

In April 2009, GM President [[Fritz Henderson]] stated several interested parties had approached GM regarding the Hummer business.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://motortrend.com/features/according-to-fritz-hummer-sale-likely-soon-buick-gmc-profitable-2354/ |title=According to Fritz: Hummer Sale Likely Soon; Buick, GMC Profitable |first=Todd |last=Lassa |date=April 17, 2009 |magazine=Motor Trend |access-date=April 6, 2015 |archive-date=December 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202072552/https://www.motortrend.com/features/according-to-fritz-hummer-sale-likely-soon-buick-gmc-profitable-2354/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Failed sale and shutdown===
On June 1, 2009, as a part of the [[General Motors bankruptcy]] announcement, the company revealed that the Hummer brand would be discontinued. However, the following day GM announced that instead it had reached a deal to sell the brand to an undisclosed buyer.<ref name="NYT-june3">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/03/business/03auto.html |newspaper=The New York Times |title=Chinese Company Buying G.M.'s HUMMER Brand |first1=Keith |last1=Bradsher |first2=Nick |last2=Bunkley |date=June 3, 2009 |access-date=April 6, 2015 |archive-date=November 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109032436/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/03/business/03auto.html |url-status=live }}</ref> After GM announced that same day that the sale was to an undisclosed Chinese company,<ref name="nbcnews_com">{{cite web |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna31059625 |title=Chinese company to buy HUMMER from GM |publisher=NBC News |agency=Associated Press |date=June 24, 2009 |access-date=April 6, 2015 |archive-date=October 6, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006194316/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/31059625/ |url-status=live }}</ref> CNN and the New York Times identified the buyer of the Hummer truck unit as China-based [[Sichuan Tengzhong Heavy Industrial Machinery Company]] Ltd.<ref name="NYT-june3"/><ref>{{cite news |url=https://money.cnn.com/2009/06/02/news/companies/gm_hummer/index.htm?postversion=2009060207 |title=Who bought Hummer? Sichuan Tengzhong of China |publisher=CNN |first=Aaron |last=Smith |date=June 2, 2009 |access-date=April 6, 2015 |archive-date=November 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109033904/https://money.cnn.com/2009/06/02/news/companies/gm_hummer/index.htm?postversion=2009060207 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="nbcnews_com" /> Later that day, Sichuan Tengzhong itself announced the deal on their own website.

On January 6, 2010, GM CEO [[Ed Whitacre]] said he hoped to close the deal with Tengzhong by the end of that month.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE6055B220100106 |first=Soyoung |last=Kim |title=GM not hopeful on Saab deal, proceeds with closure |work=Reuters |date=January 6, 2010 |access-date=April 6, 2015 |archive-date=February 26, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100226064433/http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE6055B220100106 |url-status=live }}</ref> On February 1, 2010, it was announced that Sichuan and General Motors had agreed to extend the deadline until the end of February as Sichuan tried to get approval by the Chinese government.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTOE61005520100201|work=Reuters|title=UPDATE 1-Tengzhong agrees with GM to extend Hummer deadline|date=February 1, 2010|access-date=April 6, 2015|archive-date=June 2, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100602003557/http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTOE61005520100201|url-status=live}}</ref> It was also revealed that the price tag of the Hummer brand was $150 million.<ref>{{cite news |title=Buyer hopes Tengzhong-Hummer deal done in Spring |url= https://www.reuters.com/article/us-hummer-hongkong-interview-idUSHKU00013520100201?loomia_ow=t0:s0:a49:g43:r1:c0.184211:b30168612:z0 |work=Reuters|date=February 1, 2010 |access-date=April 6, 2015 |archive-date=October 15, 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151015234316/http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/02/01/us-hummer-hongkong-interview-idUSHKU00013520100201?loomia_ow=t0:s0:a49:g43:r1:c0.184211:b30168612:z0 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Later, on February 24, 2010, GM announced the Tengzhong deal had collapsed and the Hummer brand would soon shut down.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://money.cnn.com/2010/02/24/news/companies/hummer_chinese/index.htm?hpt=T2 |publisher=CNN |date=February 24, 2010 |first=Chris |last=Isidore |title=HUMMER to close after collapse of Chinese deal |access-date=April 6, 2015 |archive-date=November 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109034843/https://money.cnn.com/2010/02/24/news/companies/hummer_chinese/index.htm?hpt=T2 |url-status=live }}</ref> There were reports that Sichuan Tengzhong might pursue the purchase of the Hummer brand from GM by purchasing it privately through the company's new J&A Tengzhong Fund SPC, a private equity investment fund owned by an offshore entity that was recruiting private investors to buy into its acquisition plan.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2010/02/24/tengzhong-seeks-private-equity-solution-for-hummer/ |title=Tengzhong Seeks Private Equity Solution for HUMMER |newspaper=The New York Times |date=February 24, 2010 |access-date=April 6, 2015 |archive-date=August 2, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802022631/https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2010/02/24/tengzhong-seeks-private-equity-solution-for-hummer/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The financial markets posed problems for established borrowers and even more for Tengzhong, a little-known company from western China, at the same time as the potential value of the Hummer brand continued to decline, given high fuel prices and weak consumer demand.<ref>{{cite news |last=Bunkley |first=Nick |title=G.M. to Close HUMMER After Sale Fails |newspaper=The New York Times |date=February 24, 2010 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/25/business/25hummer.html |access-date=April 6, 2015 |archive-date=December 10, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210141352/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/25/business/25hummer.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The company announced it was willing to consider offers for all or part of the assets. American company Raser Technologies along with several others expressed interest in buying the company. However, on April 7, 2010, this attempt failed as well, and General Motors officially said it was shutting down the Hummer SUV brand and offering rich rebates in a bid to move the remaining 2,200 vehicles.<ref>{{cite news |last=Valdes-Dapena |first=Peter |title=HUMMER sale: Only 2,200 left |publisher=CNN |date=April 12, 2010 |url=https://money.cnn.com/2010/04/07/autos/gm_hummer_deals/ |access-date=April 6, 2015 |archive-date=November 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109033430/https://money.cnn.com/2010/04/07/autos/gm_hummer_deals/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2010/04/why-isnt-gm-selling-hummer/38655 |title=Why Isn't GM Selling HUMMER? |last=Indiviglio |first=Daniel |work=The Atlantic |date=April 8, 2010 |access-date=April 6, 2015 |archive-date=December 28, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228061202/http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2010/04/why-isnt-gm-selling-hummer/38655/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

After filling a rental-car fleet order, the last Hummer&nbsp;H3 rolled off the line at [[Shreveport]] on May 24, 2010.<ref>{{cite web |last=Roy |first=Carolyn |url= http://www.ksla.com/Global/story.asp?S=12533107 |title=Last Hummer rolls off line at Shreveport GM plant |publisher=KSLA-TV |date=May 24, 2010 |access-date=April 6, 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130512115557/http://www.ksla.com/Global/story.asp?S=12533107 |archive-date=May 12, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Revival===
{{main | GMC Hummer EV}}
[[File:GMC Hummer EV.jpg|thumb|GMC Hummer EV pickup truck]]
In mid-2019, rumors began to circulate that [[General Motors]] was considering reviving the Hummer nameplate in 2021, as the market for off-road vehicles was reaching historic levels of sales.<ref name="autoblog.com">{{cite news|title=An all-electric Hummer is reportedly under consideration at GM|url=https://www.autoblog.com/2019/06/17/electric-hummer-gm/|website=autoblog.com|date=July 17, 2019|access-date=November 18, 2019|archive-date=November 17, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117102311/https://www.autoblog.com/2019/06/17/electric-hummer-gm/|url-status=live}}</ref> GM President Mark Ruess was asked about the possible return in the summer of 2019 and said, "I love Hummer. I don't know. We're looking at everything."<ref name="autoblog.com"/> Credibility to the earlier reporting began to solidify after the conclusion of the [[2019 General Motors strike]], as contract negotiations led to the commitment by GM of saving its Detroit-Hamtramck facility from closing by investing in and retooling it to build future electric trucks and SUVs; the products were to be built on GM's upcoming "BT1" electric truck platform.<ref name="cnet.com">{{cite news|title=An electric Hummer comeback? We discuss with an expert|url=https://www.cnet.com/roadshow/news/hummer-electric-truck-suv/|publisher=CNET|date=October 21, 2019|access-date=November 18, 2019|archive-date=June 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618041441/https://www.cnet.com/roadshow/news/hummer-electric-truck-suv/|url-status=live}}</ref> GM's own documentation listed three brands as receiving products from the BT1 architecture: [[Cadillac]] ([[Escalade IQ]]), [[Chevrolet]] ([[Chevrolet Silverado EV|Silverado EV]]), and a third unknown brand referred to as the "M-Brand."<ref name="cnet.com"/>

Industry insiders claimed they had sources saying that the "M-Brand" was a Hummer, because a revival of the brand with established name recognition would help reduce marketing costs. The Hummer revival on the BT1 platform was known internally as "Project O," potentially named after former Chief Camaro Engineer Al Oppenheiser (the man responsible for the return of the [[Chevrolet Camaro|Camaro]] in 2010), who was moved from Camaro development to overseeing an EV program.<ref>{{cite web |title=Electric Hummer, Cadillac, Chevrolet, GMC Trucks and SUVs Coming |url=https://www.musclecarsandtrucks.com/electric-hummer-cadillac-chevrolet-gmc-trucks-and-suvs-coming/ |website=musclecarsandtrucks.com |date=October 22, 2019 |access-date=April 10, 2020 |archive-date=December 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208233704/https://www.musclecarsandtrucks.com/electric-hummer-cadillac-chevrolet-gmc-trucks-and-suvs-coming/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Oppenheiser later confirmed this himself.<ref>{{cite web |title=Oppenheiser Camaro6 Post on Reborn Hummer |url=https://www.camaro6.com/forums/showthread.php?p=10730718 |website=camaro6.com |date=February 22, 2020 |access-date=April 10, 2020 |archive-date=August 2, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802014253/https://www.camaro6.com/forums/showthread.php?p=10730718 |url-status=live }}</ref> By November 2019, media reports all but confirmed that Hummer would return with two electric models, a truck and an SUV, sometime in 2021.<ref>{{cite news|title=Hummer electric pickup truck scheduled to kick off brand's rebirth in 2021|url=https://www.cnet.com/roadshow/news/hummer-electric-pickup-truck-production/|publisher=CNET|date=November 15, 2019|access-date=November 18, 2019|archive-date=November 11, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111215414/https://www.cnet.com/roadshow/news/hummer-electric-pickup-truck-production/|url-status=live}}</ref> On November 21, 2019, General Motors CEO [[Mary Barra]] confirmed that GM would be releasing an electric pickup truck in the fall of 2021, but did not name the brand under which it would be built.<ref>{{cite news|title=GM's Electric Pickup to Hit Dealer Showrooms in Fall 2021 – CEO|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-gm-ceo-electric-pickup/gms-electric-pickup-to-hit-dealer-showrooms-in-fall-2021-ceo-idUSKBN1XV21X|work=Reuters|date=November 21, 2019|access-date=January 4, 2020|archive-date=January 3, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103120849/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-gm-ceo-electric-pickup/gms-electric-pickup-to-hit-dealer-showrooms-in-fall-2021-ceo-idUSKBN1XV21X|url-status=live}}</ref>

The new Hummer line is not a standalone brand, as it was before General Motors filed for bankruptcy, but a model within GM's GMC brand.<ref name="wsj.com">{{cite news|title=GM to Revive Hummer Name on New Electric Pickup Model|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/gm-to-revive-hummer-name-on-new-electric-pickup-model-11578686692|agency=Reuters|date=January 10, 2020|access-date=January 10, 2020|archive-date=January 20, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120220445/https://www.wsj.com/articles/gm-to-revive-hummer-name-on-new-electric-pickup-model-11578686692|url-status=live}}</ref>

On January 30, 2020, GM released a series of short videos revealing the return of Hummers in the form of electric SUV and truck models marketed under the [[GMC (automobile)|GMC]] brand. A 30-second [[Super Bowl]] ad featured [[NBA]] superstar [[LeBron James]]. The vehicle was to be revealed on May 20, 2020, but the date was later pushed back to October 20, 2020.

The [[GMC Hummer EV|Hummer EV SUT]] was officially revealed on October 20, 2020, during the [[2020 World Series]]. The Hummer EV SUV was unveiled during the [[2021 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament|NCAA Tournament Final Four]] on April 3, 2021.

There will be several versions and models under GM brand GMC, with initially only the most expensive "Edition 1" four-door pickup available, followed by other models and later as an SUV.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dorian |first1=Drew |title=2022 GMC Hummer EV: What We Know So Far |url=https://www.caranddriver.com/gmc/hummer-ev |publisher=Car and Driver |date=October 4, 2021 |access-date=December 11, 2021 |archive-date=December 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211212020454/https://www.caranddriver.com/gmc/hummer-ev |url-status=live }}</ref>