Editing Hungarian language (section)

==Classification==
{{See also|Phonological history of Hungarian}}
Hungarian is a member of the [[Uralic language family]]. Linguistic connections between Hungarian and other Uralic languages were noticed in the 1670s, and the family's existence was established in 1717. Hungarian is assigned to the [[Ugric languages|Ugric branch]] along with the [[Mansi languages|Mansi]] and [[Khanty languages|Khanty]] languages of [[western Siberia]] ([[Khanty–Mansia]] region of [[North Asia]]).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zemplényi |first=Lili |date=2023-07-08 |title=The Khanty and the Mansi, the Closest Linguistic Relatives of the Hungarians {{!}} Hungarian Conservative |url=https://www.hungarianconservative.com/articles/culture_society/khanty_mansi_linguistic_relatives_hungarians_siberia_russia/ |access-date=2024-02-10 |website=www.hungarianconservative.com |language=en-US}}</ref> However, there is debate on whether that is a valid grouping.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lehtinen |first=Tapani |title=Kielen vuosituhannet |publisher=[[Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura]] |year=2007 |isbn=978-951-746-896-1 |series=Tietolipas |volume=215 |language=fi |trans-title=The millennia of language}}</ref><ref name=Janhunen2009>{{cite book|last=Janhunen|first=Juha|chapter=Proto-Uralic—what, where and when? |year=2009 |editor= Jussi Ylikoski |title=The Quasquicentennial of the Finno-Ugrian Society |series=Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia 258 |location=Helsinki |publisher=Société Finno-Ougrienne |isbn=978-952-5667-11-0|issn=0355-0230|chapter-url=http://www.sgr.fi/sust/sust258/sust258_janhunen.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Kulonen">{{Cite book |last=Kulonen |first=Ulla-Maija |title=Ennen, muinoin. Miten menneisyyttämme tutkitaan |publisher=[[Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura]] |year=2002 |isbn=978-951-746-332-4 |editor-last=Grünthal |editor-first=Riho |series=Tietolipas |volume=180 |pages=104–108 |language=fi |trans-title=In times gone by. How to study our past |chapter=Kielitiede ja suomen väestön juuret |trans-chapter=Linguistics and the roots of the Finnish population}}</ref><ref name=Michalove/><ref>{{cite book |last=Aikio |first=Ante |author-link=Ante Aikio |date=24 March 2022 |editor-last=Bakró-Nagy |editor-first=Marianne |editor2-last=Laakso |editor2-first=Johanna |editor3-last=Skribnik |editor3-first=Elena |title=The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |chapter=Chapter 1: Proto-Uralic |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/40193033 |isbn=9780198767664}}</ref> The classification of the Hungarian language as Uralic was also historically the subject of intense scholarly debate, with a number of prominent linguists arguing that Hungarian was a [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] language.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yalçınkaya |first=Ali Can |date=2022-01-01 |title=Relatedness between Hungarian and Turkic languages, and the Turkic material in Hungarian: An overview in the concept of diachronic linguistics |url=https://www.academia.edu/104392226 |journal=Jövőformáló humán tudományok - mersz.hu - ISBN 978 963 454 803 4 • 2022}}</ref>

When the [[Samoyed languages|Samoyedic languages]] were determined to be part of the family, some linguists initially assumed that [[Finnic languages|Finnic]] and Ugric were closer to each other than to the Samoyedic branch of the family. That is now frequently rejected.<ref name="SalmTax">{{Cite book |last=Salminen |first=Tapani |script-title=ru:Лингвистический беспредел: сборник статей к 70-летию А. И. Кузнецовой |publisher=Izdatel'stvo Moskovskogo Universiteta |year=2002 |location=Moscow |pages=44–55 |trans-title=Linguistic chaos: a collection of articles on the 70th anniversary of A. I. Kuznetsova |chapter=Problems in the taxonomy of the Uralic languages in the light of modern comparative studies |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113123959/http://www.helsinki.fi/~tasalmin/kuzn.html |archive-date=2019-01-13 |chapter-url=http://www.helsinki.fi/~tasalmin/kuzn.html }}</ref><ref name="Michalove">{{Cite journal |last=Michalove |first=Peter A. |date=2002 |title=The Classification of the Uralic Languages: Lexical Evidence from Finno-Ugric |journal=Finnisch-Ugrische Forschungen |volume=57}}</ref><ref name=Kulonen/>

The [[name of Hungary]] could be a result of regular sound changes of ''Ungrian/Ugrian'', and the fact that the Eastern Slavs referred to Hungarians as {{lang|zle|Ǫgry/Ǫgrove}} (sg. {{lang|zle|Ǫgrinŭ}}) seemed to confirm that.<ref>{{Citation | last = Lebedynsky | first = Iaroslav | language = fr | title = Les Nomades: Les peuples nomades de la steppe des origines aux invasions mongoles |trans-title=The Nomads: the steppe nomad people from origins to Mongol invasions | page = 191}}.</ref> Current literature favors the hypothesis that it comes from the name of the [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] tribe [[Onoğurs|Onoğur]] (which means {{gloss|ten arrows}} or {{gloss|ten tribes}}).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sugar |first=P. F. |title=A History of Hungary |publisher=University Press |year=1996 |pages=9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Maxwell |first=Alexander |date=2004 |title=Magyarization, language planning, and Whorf: The word uhor as a case study in linguistic relativism |journal=Multilingua |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=319–337 |doi=10.1515/mult.2004.23.4.319|s2cid=143937903 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Marcantonio |first=Angela |title=The Uralic Language Family: Facts, Myths and Statistics |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |year=2002 |pages=19}}</ref>

There are numerous regular sound correspondences between Hungarian and the Ugric languages. For example, Hungarian {{IPA|/aː/}} corresponds to Khanty {{IPA|/o/}} in certain positions, and Hungarian {{IPA|/h/}} corresponds to Khanty {{IPA|/x/}}, while Hungarian final {{IPA|/z/}} corresponds to Khanty final {{IPA|/t/}}. For example, Hungarian {{Lang|hu|ház}} {{IPA|hu|haːz|}} {{Gloss|house}} vs. Khanty {{lang|kca|xot}} {{IPA|[xot]}} {{Gloss|house}}, and Hungarian {{lang|hu|száz}} {{IPA|[saːz]}} {{gloss|hundred}} vs. Khanty {{lang|kca|sot}} {{IPA|[sot]}} {{gloss|hundred}}. The distance between the Ugric and Finnic languages is greater, but the correspondences are also regular.