Editing Hurricane Ivan (section)

==Meteorological history==
{{Main|Meteorological history of Hurricane Ivan}}
{{storm path|Ivan 2004 path.png|colors=new}}
On September 2, 2004, Tropical Depression Nine formed from a large [[tropical wave]] southwest of [[Cape Verde]]. As the system moved to the west, it strengthened gradually, becoming Tropical Storm Ivan on September 3, and reaching hurricane strength on September 5, {{convert|1,150|mi|km}} to the east of [[Tobago]]. Later that day, the storm intensified rapidly, and by 5&nbsp;p.m. [[North American Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] ([[UTC−4]]), Ivan became a [[Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale|Category 4]] hurricane with winds of {{convert|130|mph|km/h|-1}}. The [[National Hurricane Center]] said that the rapid strengthening of Ivan on September 5 was unprecedented at such a low [[latitude]] in the [[Atlantic basin]].<ref name="TCR">{{cite web |url={{NHC TCR url |id=AL092004_Ivan}} |title=Hurricane Ivan Tropical Cyclone Report |last=Stewart |first=Stacey |date=May 22, 2005|publisher=[[National Hurricane Center]] |access-date=August 20, 2010 }}</ref><ref name="NHCdisc14">{{cite web |url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2004/dis/al092004.discus.014.shtml? |title=Hurricane Ivan Discussion Number 14 |last=Pasch |first=Richard |date=September 5, 2004 |publisher=National Hurricane Center |access-date=August 20, 2010}}</ref>

[[File:Hurricane Ivan ISS.jpg|thumb|The eye of Hurricane Ivan as seen from the [[International Space Station]] on September 11, 2004.]]
As it moved west, Ivan weakened slightly because of [[wind shear]] in the area.<ref name="advis18">{{cite web |url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2004/pub/al092004.public.018.shtml? |title=Hurricane Ivan Advisory Number 18 |last=Pasch |first=Richard |date=September 6, 2004 |publisher=National Hurricane Center |access-date=September 7, 2010}}</ref> The storm passed over [[Grenada]] on September 7, battering several of the [[Windward Islands]]. As it entered the [[Caribbean Sea]], Ivan reintensified rapidly and became a Category&nbsp;5 hurricane, just north of the Windward [[Netherlands Antilles]] ([[Curaçao]] and [[Bonaire]]) and [[Aruba]] on September 9, with winds reaching {{cvt|160|mph|km/h}}. Ivan weakened slightly as it moved west-northwest towards [[Jamaica]]. As Ivan approached the island late on September 10, it began a westward jog that kept the eye and the strongest winds to the south and west. However, because of its proximity to the Jamaican coast, the island was battered with hurricane-force winds for hours.<ref name="TCR"/>

After passing [[Cuba]], Ivan resumed a more northerly track and regained Category&nbsp;5 strength. Ivan's strength continued to fluctuate as it moved west on September 11, and the storm attained its highest 1-minute [[maximum sustained wind]]s of {{cvt|165|mph|km/h|round=5}} as it passed within {{convert|30|mi|km|-1}} of [[Grand Cayman]]. Ivan reached its peak strength with a minimum central pressure of {{convert|910|mb|inHg}} on September 12. Ivan passed through the [[Yucatán Channel]] late on September 13, while its [[eyewall]] affected the westernmost tip of Cuba. Once over the [[Gulf of Mexico]], Ivan weakened slightly to Category&nbsp;4 strength, which it maintained while approaching the [[Gulf Coast of the United States]].<ref name="TCR"/> When Ivan entered the Gulf of Mexico, U.S. [[Naval Research Laboratory]] ocean-floor [[pressure sensor]]s detected a [[rogue wave|freak wave]], which was caused by the hurricane. The wave was around {{convert|91|ft|m}} high from peak to trough, and around {{convert|660|ft|m}} long.<ref name="ElReg">[https://www.theregister.co.uk/2005/08/05/hurricane_prompts_wave_rethink/ Hurricane Ivan prompts rogue wave rethink], ''[[The Register]]'', August 5, 2005</ref> Their computer models also indicated that waves may have exceeded {{convert|130|ft|m}} in the eyewall.<ref name="ivan">{{cite web |url=https://www.nrl.navy.mil/media/news-releases/2005/nrl-measures-record-wave-during-hurricane-ivan |title=NRL Measures Record Wave During Hurricane Ivan - U.S. Naval Research Laboratory |date=February 17, 2017 |website=nrl.navy.mil |access-date=March 26, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171101025311/https://www.nrl.navy.mil/media/news-releases/2005/nrl-measures-record-wave-during-hurricane-ivan |archive-date=November 1, 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[File:IvanRadar-04Sep16-0650Z.gif|thumb|Hurricane Ivan at landfall in [[Baldwin County, Alabama]] on the U.S. [[Gulf Coast]].]]
Just before it made landfall in the United States, Ivan's eyewall weakened considerably, and its southwestern portion almost disappeared.{{citation needed|date=June 2012}} Around 2&nbsp;a.m. [[Central Time Zone|CDT]] ([[UTC−5]]) on September 16, Ivan made landfall on the U.S. mainland in [[Gulf Shores, Alabama]], as a Category&nbsp;3 hurricane, with 1-minute sustained winds of {{cvt|120|mph|km/h}}. Some hurricane information sources put the winds from Hurricane Ivan near {{cvt|130|mph|km/h}} (Category 4) upon landfall in [[Alabama]] and northwestern [[Florida]].<ref>{{cite report |title=Hurricane Ivan: The overview; Hurricane's Fury Kills 23 Along Gulf |work=The New York Times |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0DE3D61639F934A2575AC0A9629C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=1 |access-date=September 7, 2010 |author1=Barringer, Felicity |author2=Revkin, Andrew |date=September 17, 2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite report |title=Hurricane Ivan Roars through the Caribbean and United States Gulf Coast |last=Machos |first=G. |publisher=Hurricaneville |url=http://www.hurricaneville.com/ivan.html |access-date=September 7, 2010 |archive-date=February 23, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090223044733/http://www.hurricaneville.com/ivan.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ivan then continued inland, maintaining hurricane strength until it was over central Alabama. Ivan weakened rapidly that evening and became a tropical depression on the same day, still over Alabama. Ivan lost tropical characteristics on September 18 while crossing [[Virginia]], becoming an [[extratropical cyclone|extratropical storm]]. Later that day, the [[remnant low]] of Ivan drifted off the U.S. [[Mid-Atlantic (United States)|mid-Atlantic]] coast into the Atlantic Ocean, and the low-pressure disturbance continued to dump rain on the United States.<ref name="TCR"/>

On September 20, Ivan's remnant surface low completed an [[anticyclone|anticyclonic]] loop and moved across the Florida peninsula. As it continued westward across the northern Gulf of Mexico, the system reorganized and again took on tropical characteristics on September 22.<ref name="TCR"/> On September 22, the [[National Weather Service]], "after considerable and sometimes animated in-house discussion [regarding] the demise of Ivan,"<ref name="Spdisc67">{{cite web |url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2004/dis/al092004.discus.067.shtml? |title=Tropical Depression Ivan Special Discussion Number 67 |last=Avila |first=Lixion |date=September 22, 2004 |publisher=National Hurricane Center |access-date=September 7, 2010}}</ref> determined that the low was in fact a result of the remnants of Ivan and thus named it accordingly. On the evening of September 23, the revived Ivan made landfall near [[Cameron, Louisiana]] as a tropical depression. Ivan weakened into a remnant low on September 24, as it moved overland into Texas.<ref name="TCR"/><ref>{{cite web |author=Halbach |year=2004 |title=Public Advisory Number 77 for Remnant Low of Ivan |publisher=Hydrometeorological Prediction Center |access-date=October 20, 2007 |url=http://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical2004/IVAN/IVAN_77.html}}{{dead link|date=September 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The remnant circulation of Ivan persisted for another day, before dissipating on September 25.<ref>{{Cite FTP |author=Wallace |year=2004 |title=September 25 Tropical Weather Discussion |access-date=October 20, 2007 |server=National Hurricane Center |url-status=dead |url=ftp://ftp.met.fsu.edu/pub/weather/tropical/Atl-Dis/2004/Sep/2004092512.AXNT20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite FTP |author=MT |year=2004 |title=September 25 Tropical Weather Discussion (2) |access-date=October 20, 2007 |server=National Hurricane Center |url-status=dead |url=ftp://ftp.met.fsu.edu/pub/weather/tropical/Atl-Dis/2004/Sep/2004092518.AXNT20}}</ref>

===Records===
[[File:Ivan 2004-09-05 1330Z.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Ivan as a [[Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale|Category 3 hurricane]], east of the [[Windward Islands|Windwards]] on September 5, 2004.]]
Ivan set 18 new records for intensity at low latitudes. When Ivan initially became a Category&nbsp;1 hurricane on September&nbsp;3, it was centered 9.5&nbsp;degrees north from the equator. This is farthest south position on record for a hurricane in the Atlantic basin.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Masters |first1=Jeff |last2=Hensen |first2=Bob |title=Hurricane Sam still a Cat 4; Tropical Depression 20 forms off coast of Africa |date=September 29, 2021 |url=https://yaleclimateconnections.org/2021/09/hurricane-sam-still-a-cat-4-tropical-depression-20-forms-off-coast-of-africa/ |publisher=Yale Climate Connections |location=New Haven, Connecticut |access-date=September 29, 2021}}</ref> Later that day (6 p.m. UTC), when Ivan became a Category&nbsp;3 hurricane, it was centered near 10.2 degrees north from the equator. This is the most southerly location on record for a major hurricane in the Atlantic basin.<ref name="TCR"/> Just six hours later, Ivan also became the most southerly Category&nbsp;4 hurricane on record in the Atlantic basin when it reached that intensity while located at 10.6&nbsp;degrees north.<ref name="HURDAT">{{cite web |url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/easyread-2009.html |title=Easy to Read HURDAT |year=2009 |publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |access-date=September 7, 2010}}</ref> Finally, at midnight (UTC) on September 9 while centered at 13.7&nbsp;degrees north, Ivan became the most southerly Category&nbsp;5 hurricane on record in the Atlantic basin.<ref name="HURDAT"/> The latter record would not be surpassed until [[Hurricane Matthew]] in [[2016 Atlantic hurricane season|2016]], which reached Category&nbsp;5 intensity at 13.4&nbsp;degrees north.<ref name="Matthew 16">{{cite tech report |url={{NHC TCR url|id=AL142016_Matthew}} |title=Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Matthew 2016 |author=Stewart, Stacy R |date=April 3, 2017 |access-date=April 4, 2017 |publisher=United States National Hurricane Center |format=PDF |page=11}}</ref>

Ivan had held the world record of 33 (with 32 consecutive) six-hour periods of intensity at or above Category&nbsp;4 strength. This record was broken two years later by Pacific [[Hurricane Ioke|Hurricane/Typhoon Ioke]], which had 36 (33 consecutive) six-hour periods at Category&nbsp;4 strength. This contributed to Ivan's total [[Accumulated Cyclone Energy]] (ACE) of 70.38.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/?report=tropical-cyclones&year=2004&month=9&submitted=Get+Report |title=State of the Climate Hurricanes & Tropical Storms September 2004 |last=Crouch |first=Jake |date=July 31, 2009 |publisher=[[National Climatic Data Center]] |access-date=August 24, 2010}}</ref> The tornado outbreak associated with Ivan spawned 127 [[tornado]]es, more than any other tropical cyclone worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dolce |first=Christ |date=2019 |title=The Five Atlantic Hurricanes That Produced the Most Tornadoes |url=https://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/hurricanes-most-tornadoes-atlantic-basin |access-date=February 18, 2021 |website=The Weather Channel |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chow |first=Daphne |date=2019 |title=Hurricane Ivan; 15 astounding facts, 15 years later |url=http://www.loopcayman.com/content/hurricane-ivan-15-astounding-facts-15-years-later |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204163953/http://www.loopcayman.com/content/hurricane-ivan-15-astounding-facts-15-years-later |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 4, 2019 |access-date=February 18, 2021 |website=loopcayman.com |language=en }}</ref>

Scientists from the Naval Research Laboratory at [[Stennis Space Center]], [[Mississippi]] have used a computer model to predict that, at the height of the storm, the maximum wave height within Ivan's eyewall reached {{convert|131|ft|m}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nrl.navy.mil/pao/pressRelease.php?Y=2005&R=12-05r |title=NRL Measures Record Wave During Hurricane Ivan |last=Wang |first=David |date=August 5, 2005 |publisher=[[Naval Research Laboratory]] |access-date=August 24, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609134240/http://www.nrl.navy.mil/pao/pressRelease.php?Y=2005&R=12-05r |archive-date=June 9, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>