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Hyoid bone
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==Structure== {{multiple image | align = Right | image1 = Hyoid bone - animation.gif | width1 = 180 | image2 = Hyoid bone - close-up - animation.gif | width2 = 180 | footer = ''Left'': Position of hyoid bone (shown in red). ''Right'': Shape of hyoid bone. }} The hyoid bone is classed as an [[irregular bone]] and consists of a central part called the body, and two pairs of horns, the greater and lesser horns. === Body === The body of the hyoid bone is the central part of the hyoid bone.{{clarify|date=February 2022}} *At the front, the body is convex and directed forward and upward. * It is crossed in its upper half by a well-marked transverse ridge with a slight downward convexity, and in many cases a vertical median ridge divides it into two lateral halves. * The portion of the vertical ridge above the transverse line is present in a majority of specimens, but the lower portion is evident only in rare cases.{{Clarify|reason=Not able to understand the sentence.|date=September 2023}} * The anterior surface gives insertion to the [[geniohyoid muscle]] in the greater part of its extent both above and below the transverse ridge; a portion of the origin of the [[hyoglossus muscle|hyoglossus]] notches the lateral margin of the geniohyoid attachment. * Below the transverse ridge the [[mylohyoid muscle|mylohyoid]], [[sternohyoid muscle|sternohyoid]], and [[omohyoid muscle|omohyoid]] are inserted. * At the back, the smooth, concave, directed backward and downward, and separated from the [[epiglottis]] by the [[hyothyroid membrane]] and a quantity of [[loose areolar tissue]]; a [[Bursa (anatomy)|bursa]] intervenes between it and the hyothyroid membrane. * Above, the body is rounded, and gives attachment to the hyothyroid membrane and some [[aponeurosis|aponeurotic]] fibers of the [[genioglossus muscle|genioglossus]]. * Below, the body affords insertion medially to the sternohyoid and laterally to the omohyoid and occasionally a portion of the [[thyrohyoid muscle|thyrohyoid]]. It also gives attachment to the Levator glandulae thyreoideae, when this muscle is present. ===Horns=== [[File:Gray186.png|thumbnail|The lesser and greater horns of the hyoid]] The greater and lesser horns ({{langx|la|cornua}}) are two sections of bone that project from each side of the hyoid. ==== Greater horns ==== The greater horns project backward from the outer borders of the body; they are flattened from above downward and taper to their end, which is a bony [[Tubercle (anatomy)|tubercle]] connecting to the [[lateral thyrohyoid ligament]]. The upper surface of the greater horns are rough and close to its lateral border, and facilitates muscular attachment. The largest of muscles that attach to the upper surface of the greater horns are the [[hyoglossus]] and the [[middle pharyngeal constrictor]], which extend along the whole length of the horns; the [[digastric muscle]] and [[stylohyoid muscle]] have small insertions in front of these near the junction of the body with the horns. To the medial border, the [[thyrohyoid membrane]] is attached, while the anterior half of the lateral border gives insertion to the [[thyrohyoid muscle]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2014}} ==== Lesser horns ==== The lesser horns are two small, conical eminences, attached by their bases to the angles of junction between the body and greater horns of the hyoid bone. They are connected to the body of the bone by fibrous tissue, and occasionally to the greater horns by distinct diarthrodial [[joint]]s, which usually persist throughout life, but occasionally become [[ankylosis|ankylosed]]. The lesser horns are situated in the line of the transverse ridge on the body and appear to be continuations of it. The apex of each horn gives attachment to the [[stylohyoid ligament]]; the [[chondroglossus]] rises from the medial side of the base.{{Citation needed|date=January 2014}} ===Development=== The second [[pharyngeal arch]], also called the hyoid arch, gives rise to the lesser cornu of the hyoid and the upper part of the body of the hyoid. The cartilage of the third pharyngeal arch forms the greater cornu of the hyoid and the lower portion of the body of the hyoid. The hyoid is [[ossification|ossified]] from six centers: two for the body, and one for each cornu. Ossification commences in the greater cornua toward the end of [[prenatal development|fetal development]], in the hyoid body shortly afterward, and in the lesser cornua during the first or second year after birth. Until middle age, the connection between the body and greater cornu is [[connective tissue|fibrous]]. In early life, the outer borders of the body are connected to the greater horns by synchondroses; after middle life, usually by bony union. ===Blood supply=== Blood is supplied to the hyoid bone via the [[lingual artery]], which runs down from the [[human tongue|tongue]] to the greater horns of the bone. The suprahyoid branch of the lingual artery runs along the upper border of the hyoid bone and supplies blood to the attached muscles.
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