Editing Hyperthermophile (section)

==History==
Hyperthermophiles isolated from hot springs in [[Yellowstone National Park]] were first reported by [[Thomas D. Brock]] in 1965.<ref>{{cite book |editor-first=Joseph |editor-last=Seckbach |editor2-first=Aharon |editor2-last=Oren |editor3-first=Helga |editor3-last=Stan-Lotter |title=Polyextremophiles — Life under multiple forms of stress |series=Cellular Origin, Life in Extreme Habitats and Astrobiology |publisher=Springer |date=2013 |volume=27 |isbn=978-94-007-6487-3 |pages=xviii |doi=10.1007/978-94-007-6488-0 |quote=In June 1965, Thomas Brock, a microbiologist at Indiana University, discovered a new form of bacteria in the thermal vents of Yellowstone National Park. They can survive at near-boiling temperatures. At that time the upper temperature for life was thought to be 73 °C. He found that one particular spring, Octopus Spring, had large amounts of pink, ﬁlamentous bacteria at temperatures of 82–88 °C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vRGvZmALC3YC&dq=thomas+brock+1965+thermophiles+polyextremophiles&pg=PT3}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Brock TD |title=The value of basic research: discovery of ''Thermus aquaticus'' and other extreme thermophiles |journal=Genetics |volume=146 |issue=4 |pages=1207–10 |date=August 1997 |pmid=9258667 |pmc=1208068 |doi=10.1093/genetics/146.4.1207 }}</ref> Since then, more than 70 species have been established.<ref>{{cite book |last=Stetter |first=K.O. |chapter=Hyperthermophilic Microorganisms |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-59381-9_12 |editor-last=Horneck |editor-first=G. |editor2-last=Baumstark-Khan |editor2-first=C. |title=Astrobiology |publisher=Springer |date=2002 |isbn=978-3-642-59381-9 |pages=169–184 |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-59381-9_12}}</ref> The most extreme hyperthermophiles live on the [[superheating|superheated]] walls of deep-sea [[hydrothermal vent]]s, requiring temperatures of at least 90&nbsp;°C for survival.
An extraordinary heat-tolerant hyperthermophile is  ''[[Strain 121|Geogemma barossii (Strain 121)]]'',<ref name="NSF">{{Cite web |url=https://www.nsf.gov/od/lpa/news/03/pr0384.htm |title=Microbe from depths takes life to hottest known limit |access-date=2018-04-06 |archive-date=2023-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004160426/https://www.nsf.gov/od/lpa/news/03/pr0384.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> which has been able to double its population during 24 hours in an [[autoclave]] at 121&nbsp;°C (hence its name). The current record growth temperature is 122&nbsp;°C, for '' [[Methanopyrus|Methanopyrus kandleri]]''.

Although no hyperthermophile has shown to thrive at temperatures >122&nbsp;°C, their existence is possible.  Strain 121 survives 130&nbsp;°C for two hours, but was [[bacteriostatic agent|not able to reproduce]] until it had been transferred into a fresh growth medium, at a relatively cooler 103&nbsp;°C.