Editing IBM Research (section)

==History==
{{see also|IBM#History}}
The roots of today's IBM Research began with the 1945 opening of the Watson Scientific Computing Laboratory at [[Columbia University]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.columbia.edu/acis/history/watsonlab.html |title=IBM Watson Laboratory at Columbia University |publisher=Columbia.edu |access-date=2010-05-05 |archive-date=2006-09-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060909153423/http://www.columbia.edu/acis/history/watsonlab.html |url-status=live }}</ref> This was the first IBM laboratory devoted to pure science and later expanded into additional IBM Research locations in [[Westchester County, New York]], starting in the 1950s,<ref name="autogenerated2">Beatty, Jack, (editor) [https://books.google.com/books?id=cX9zJctCAqkC ''Colussus: how the corporation changed America''], New York : Random House, 2001. {{ISBN|978-0-7679-0352-3}}. Cf. chapter "Making the 'R' Yield 'D': The IBM Labs" by Robert Buderi.</ref><ref name=autogenerated1>IBM, [http://www.watson.ibm.com/facility_history.shtml "Watson Research Center: Watson Facility History"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219114433/http://www.watson.ibm.com/facility_history.shtml |date=2012-02-19 }}</ref> including the [[Thomas J. Watson Research Center]] in 1961.<ref name=autogenerated2 /><ref name=autogenerated1 />

Notable company inventions include  the [[floppy disk]], the [[hard disk drive]], the [[magnetic stripe card]], the [[relational model|relational database]], the [[Universal Product Code|Universal Product Code (UPC)]], the [[swap (finance)|financial swap]], the [[Fortran]] programming language, [[Sabre (computer system)|SABRE airline reservation system]], [[DRAM]], copper wiring in [[semiconductor]]s, the [[smartphone]], the [[portable computer]], the [[Automated Teller Machine]] (ATM), the [[silicon-on-insulator|silicon-on-insulator (SOI)]] semiconductor manufacturing process, [[Watson (computer)|Watson artificial intelligence]]<ref>{{cite web |title=History of progress |url=http://www.research.ibm.com/featured/history/ |work=IBM Research |access-date=28 December 2016 |archive-date=26 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126092232/http://www.research.ibm.com/featured/history/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and the [[Quantum Experience]].

Advances in [[nanotechnology]] include [[IBM (atoms)|IBM in atoms]], where a [[scanning tunneling microscope]] was used to arrange 35 individual [[xenon]] atoms on a substrate of chilled crystal of [[nickel]] to spell out the three letter company [[acronym]]. It was the first time atoms had been precisely positioned on a flat surface.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Browne |first1=Malcolm W. |title=2 Researchers Spell 'I.B.M.,' Atom by Atom |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/04/05/us/2-researchers-spell-ibm-atom-by-atom.html |agency=New York Times |date=April 5, 1990 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090803210039/http://www.nytimes.com/1990/04/05/us/2-researchers-spell-ibm-atom-by-atom.html |archive-date=2009-08-03}}</ref>

Major undertakings at IBM Research have included the invention of innovative materials and structures, [[High-performance computing|high-performance microprocessors and computers]], analytical methods and tools, [[algorithm]]s, [[software architecture]]s, methods for managing, searching and deriving meaning from data and in turning IBM's advanced services methodologies into reusable assets.

IBM Research's numerous contributions to physical and computer sciences include the [[Scanning tunneling microscope|Scanning Tunneling Microscope]] and [[high-temperature superconductivity]], both of which were awarded the [[Nobel Prize]]. IBM Research was behind the inventions of the [[Sabre (computer system)|SABRE]] travel reservation system, the technology of [[LASIK|laser eye surgery]], magnetic storage, the [[relational database]], [[Universal Product Code|UPC]] barcodes and [[Watson (computer)|Watson]], the question-answering computing system that won a match against human champions on the [[Jeopardy!]] television quiz show. The Watson technology is now being commercialized as part of a project with healthcare company [[Anthem Inc.]] Other notable developments include the [[Data Encryption Standard]] (DES), [[fast Fourier transform]] (FFT), [[Benoît Mandelbrot]]'s introduction of [[fractal]]s, magnetic disk storage ([[hard disk]]s), the [[MELD-Plus]] risk score, the one-transistor [[dynamic random-access memory]] (DRAM), the  [[Reduced instruction set computing|reduced instruction set computer]] (RISC) architecture, [[relational database]]s, and [[IBM Deep Blue|Deep Blue]] ([[Grandmaster (chess)|grandmaster]]-level [[chess]]-playing computer).