Editing ITV Border (section)

==History==
{{Further|Timeline of Border Television}}

===Launch===
In May 1960, the [[Independent Television Authority]] (ITA) invited applicants to provide the ITV service for the ''Borders'' region&nbsp;– an area that covered the English counties of [[Westmorland]] and [[Cumberland]], the south of Scotland and later, the [[Isle of Man]].<ref name="users.zetnet.co.uk">{{cite web|last=Rogers|first=Jeremy|title=Border Television History|url=http://www.users.zetnet.co.uk/itw/Border/history.html|publisher=Independent TeleWeb|access-date=28 December 2011}}</ref>

Prior to this, the ITA had moved away from the idea of ''satellite stations'' (companies owned by distant management as seen with [[Southern Television]] in the south of England) towards companies that had strong local ownership. The contract covered two new transmitters at [[Caldbeck transmitting station|Caldbeck]], near [[Carlisle, Cumbria|Carlisle]] and [[Selkirk transmitting station|Selkirk]], near [[St Boswells|Saint Boswells]] in the [[Scottish Borders]]. [[ITV Granada|Granada Television]] and [[ABC Weekend Television]] had laid a claim to providing service via Caldbeck whilst [[Scottish Television]] expressed a strong interest in Selkirk. The ITA rejected both these in favour of a new contract area and a new company to serve it&nbsp;– although they stipulated the area to be "marginal" in their plans and that applicants had to present a very strong business case for the area as well as the contract.<ref name="users.zetnet.co.uk"/>

Two applications were received, one from Solway Television and another from Border Television. Border were chosen on the basis of their plans and management which was considered local but still featured names from large business (the then chairman of [[Reuters]] for example) and from the world of education.<ref name="users.zetnet.co.uk"/>

Launch was scheduled for February 1961 but construction problems with both transmitters resulted in delays until May of that year. As this led into the summer holiday period, Border asked for a launch delay as the break would affect advertising revenue. Accordingly, Border launched on Friday 1 September 1961,<ref name="users.zetnet.co.uk"/> the 14th ITV station to go to air.

During its first year of operation, Border made a profit unlike other regional companies in their initial year, and by its second year, it had covered its launch costs, due mainly to a 60% audience penetration<ref name="users.zetnet.co.uk"/> in an area that, at the time, was largely ignored by the [[BBC]]. From Friday 26 March 1965, the Isle of Man was added to Border's coverage area.

===1970s and 1980s===
Initially, Border produced little for the network and concentrated on local programming, most notably its flagship local news programme ''[[ITV News Lookaround|Lookaround]]''. Later, when [[ITV (TV network)|ITV]] and the [[BBC]] were given permission to extend broadcasting hours to daytime, Border carved a niche for providing the ITV network with afternoon quizzes and light entertainment. [[Derek Batey]], Border TV's Assistant Controller of Programmes, became the frontman for one of ITV's most popular daytime [[quiz show]]s of the 1970s and early 1980s, ''[[Mr & Mrs (TV series)|Mr. and Mrs.]]''. (A separate version of ''Mr. and Mrs.'' was also produced by [[ITV Wales & West|HTV]] at the same time.) Batey also presented and produced the long-running chat show ''Look Who's Talking''.<ref name="ftvdb.bfi.org.uk">{{cite web|title=Look Who's Talking|url=http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/series/10174|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081027025539/http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/series/10174|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 October 2008|work=Film and Television Database|publisher=British Film Institute|access-date=28 December 2011}}</ref> Meanwhile, a 15-minute music show, ''The Sound of ...'', was seen across several ITV regions and featured [[The Spinners (UK band)|The Spinners]], British [[folk music]] band [[The Settlers (band)|The Settlers]] and other similar artists.

Financial and industrial problems began to hit the company during the 1970s&nbsp;– a fall in net profits to just £13,587, led to job losses and a cut in programme production in September 1975.<ref>"Border TV may introduce cuts" The Guardian (1959–2003); 4 September 1975; ''The Guardian''</ref> In November 1978, a dispute with the ACTT ([[Association of Cinematograph, Television and Allied Technicians]]) led to 40 staff at the Durranhill studios being locked out for three weeks by management&nbsp;– several members of staff resorted to a sit in until the strike ended in stalemate and compromise.

By 1980, Border was again in severe financial trouble owing to a national economic downturn which affected advertising revenue on the whole ITV network, with the station losing £70,000 before tax in October 1981. The situation was deemed so serious that at one point the company considered not re-applying for its licence when it expired in December 1981 – though it would prove successful, as it did in July 1967 and October 1991.<ref>"Names of companies awarded new ITV franchises will be announced tomorrow" By David Hewson. The Times, Saturday, 27 December 1980 pg. 3</ref> From January 1982, Border began broadcasting to south Cumbria from the Kendal transmitter which previously carried Granada.<ref name="Fiddick">Peter Fiddick "ITV's framework for survival in the eighties", ''The Guardian''; 25 January 1980; p.2</ref> Border had lobbied the IBA for over a decade to serve the southern Lake District&nbsp;– a move backed by Cumbria County Council&nbsp;– while on the Isle of Man, officials voiced a preference to switch signals to Granada, citing inclusion in regional news coverage would benefit the tourism industry, with direct ferry links from Liverpool and Heysham.<ref name="Fiddick" />

More industrial problems were to follow in November 1982 when Border closed for a month in a dispute over new technology, which ended only after letters asking for an improvement in industrial relations were withdrawn.<ref>"News in Brief" The Times (London, England), Thursday, 16 December 1982; pg. 3;</ref> The dispute led to several members of management resigning –<ref>BBC sets date for breakfast television. McHardy, Anne. ''The Guardian''; 18 December 1982;</ref> with Jim Graham moving from the BBC to become managing director and Paul Corley joining as director of programming. Graham and Corley began to transform Border by targeting a greater presence on the ITV network, despite the company's weak financial position.<ref name="ReferenceA">"Real Life television drama in the border country" by Dave Hewson – The Times 9 September 1985</ref> Graham hired Melvyn Bragg to present new programming. The launch of Channel 4 in 1982 also bolstered Border's network portfolio&nbsp;– providing extra finance for many of the new programmes being produced from the Carlisle studios (themselves being expanded) and commissioning to make a number of programmes, most notably ''Land of the Lakes'' (presented by [[Melvyn Bragg]]), a music show entitled ''Bliss'' (hosted by [[Muriel Gray]]) and Border's very first sitcom, ''The Groovy Fellers'' with [[Jools Holland]] and [[Rowland Rivron]].<ref name="ReferenceA" />

Border also expanded into children's programming during the 1980s with ''The Joke Machine'', ''Crush A Grape'', ''Pick A Number'', ''Krankies Television, BMX Beat'' and contributions to Saturday morning series ''[[Get Fresh]]'' and ''[[Ghost Train (TV series)|Ghost Train]]''<ref>Colm O'Rourke [https://www.transdiffusion.org/2010/09/09/the_end_of_the The end of the Border line], ''Transdiffusion Broadcasting System'', 9 September 2010</ref> (produced in conjunction with [[ITV Tyne Tees|Tyne Tees Television]], and others). Melvyn Bragg went on to become deputy chairman of Border Television in 1985 and its chairman in 1990.<ref name="Morris">Steven Morris [https://www.theguardian.com/media/2004/sep/17/broadcasting.politics "The Guardian profile: Melvyn Bragg"], ''The Guardian'', 17 September 2004</ref> In 1996, he left the post<ref name="Morris" /> but remained on the board.

===Opt-out services===
In 1989, Border began providing a sub-regional service for Scottish Borders viewers served by the [[Selkirk transmitting station|Selkirk transmitter]], consisting of a short opt-out during ''Lookaround'' each weeknight. In April 1999, the opt-out was extended to cover [[Dumfries and Galloway]] and a dedicated Scottish news bulletin was introduced on weekday lunchtimes.<ref name="publications.parliament.uk">[https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200102/cmselect/cmscotaf/549/2013003.htm Memorandum submitted by Border Television Limited], Parliament of the United Kingdom, 23 November 2001</ref>

The following August, Border began to use the opt-out service to provide split coverage of sports and occasional political programming. The station also opened an Edinburgh bureau to provide coverage of the [[Scottish Parliament]].<ref name="publications.parliament.uk"/>

===Acquisition and takeover===
Border was unopposed in retaining its ITV franchise in 1991, with a bid of £52,000 per year (or £1,000 per week).

In 1993, Border began its first venture into commercial radio when it was awarded the licence for a new regional radio station serving Central Scotland – [[Scot FM]] – in partnership with [[Grampian Television]].<ref>{{cite news
  | title = New radio station promises broad programme choice
  | publisher = Herald scotland (Glasgow)
  | date = 11 December 1993
  | url = http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/new-radio-station-promises-broad-programme-choice-1.728880
  }}</ref> By May 1995, Grampian had bought out Border's stake in the company.<ref>{{cite news
  | title = radio-station-not-quite-at-home-on-the-range
  | publisher = Herald scotland (Glasgow)
  | date = 20 July 1996
  | url = http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/radio-station-not-quite-at-home-on-the-range-1.444841
  }}</ref>

Border's second venture was Century Radio, conceived as the second regional station for North East England, on 1 September 1994, with John Myers (a former continuity announcer) as managing director and John Simons as programming director. During the rest of the 1990s, Border launched an additional Century radio station in Manchester while holding interests in a number of other stations including Sun FM in Sunderland and Cumbria's CFM Radio, and in 1997 formed a subsidiary, Border Radio Holdings, for its radio business.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.cwherald.com/archive/archive/border-television-expand-across-the-airwaves-&%238230%3B-19970726267822.htm | title=Border Television expand across the airwaves | work=[[Cumberland and Westmorland Herald]] | date=26 July 1997 | access-date=6 February 2009 }}</ref>

In March 2000, a takeover battle broke out between [[Capital Radio]] and [[Scottish Radio Holdings]] for Border<ref>Scottish Radio bid starts battle for Border. Raymond Snoddy Media Editor. The Times (London, England), Thursday, 16 March 2000; pg. 28</ref> – the latter went on to state that Border's ongoing status as a truly independent media business was no longer ''a realistic option'' in a consolidating industry.<ref>"Scottish Radio turns up takeover heat" David Teather Media business correspondent. The Guardian (1959–2003) [London (UK)] 28 March 2000: 27.</ref> By April, [[Capital Radio]] had purchased the company<ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/711668.stm | title=Capital Radio bags Border TV | work=BBC News | date=13 April 2000 | access-date=6 February 2009 }}</ref> and the following year sold Border's television assets to [[Granada plc|Granada Media Group]] for £50.5&nbsp;million.<ref>Capital wins Border battle. Raymond Snoddy Media Editor. The Times (London, England), Thursday, 20 April 2000;</ref> Rumours over its future persistently dogged Border and it trod a difficult path to balance the interests of three different nations. As with many of the other ITV regional stations, a steady reduction in the range and quantity of its output continued its decline.

In July 2006, it was announced that the [[Berwick-upon-Tweed]] transmitter was to transfer to [[ITV Tyne Tees|Tyne Tees]] as part of the preparations for the digital switchover of the Border region in 2008, and to bring Berwick into line with the rest of the North East which was scheduled to switch over to digital in 2012.<ref>{{cite news |first=Thomas |last=Baldwin |title=Digital switchover confusion is resolved |work=Berwick Advertiser |url=http://www.berwick-advertiser.co.uk/ViewArticle.aspx?SectionID=970&ArticleID=1654750 |date=27 July 2006 |access-date=16 September 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080222001428/http://www.berwick-advertiser.co.uk/ViewArticle.aspx?SectionID=970&ArticleID=1654750 |archive-date=22 February 2008  }}</ref> The transfer took effect from 13 December 2006, although Border news programmes still carry stories about Berwick-upon-Tweed due to its proximity to the eastern [[Scottish Borders]].

===Merger===
In 2008, the United Kingdom began its five-year programme to cease [[analogue television]] broadcasts as part of the switchover to [[Digital television]] starting with Border.

Towards the end of his tenure as ITV plc executive chairman, [[Michael Grade]] began dismantling the ITV regional layout, arguing the existence of ITV Border "no longer makes sense" relative to the regional audience it serves.<ref>{{cite news|last=Welsh|first=James|title=Grade hints at ITV region restructure|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/broadcasting/a63355/grade-hints-at-itv-region-restructure.html|access-date=28 December 2011|newspaper=Digital Spy|date=29 June 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Oatts|first=Joanne|title=ITV close to new regional plan|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/broadcasting/a70617/itv-close-to-new-regional-plan.html|access-date=28 December 2011|newspaper=Digital Spy|date=9 August 2007}}</ref> On 12 September 2007, Grade announced plans to close ITV Border and merge the region with ITV Tyne Tees.<ref>{{cite news|last=Oatts|first=Joanne|title=ITV plans £40m cut in regional news|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/broadcasting/a75535/itv-plans-gbp40m-cut-in-regional-news.html|access-date=28 December 2011|newspaper=Digital Spy|date=12 September 2007}}</ref>

On 25 September 2008, Ofcom gave ITV the go ahead to merge the Border and Tyne Tees operations from early in 2009. Following a survey of Isle of Man viewers in autumn 2008,<ref>{{cite web|last=McLaughlin|first=Carmel|title=Phase Two: Preparing for the digital future|url=http://www.gov.im/lib/docs/government/ccresponsetoofcompsb4december.pdf|work=Response to Ofcom's Second Public Service Broadcasting Review|publisher=Government of the Isle of Man Communications Commission|access-date=28 December 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616093056/http://www.gov.im/lib/docs/government/ccresponsetoofcompsb4december.pdf|archive-date=16 June 2012}}</ref> coverage of the [[Isle of Man]] was transferred from ITV Border to [[ITV Granada]] on Thursday 16 July 2009.<ref>{{cite news|title=Viewers want to receive Granada TV news|url=http://www.iomtoday.co.im/news/Viewers-want-to-receive-Granada.4767163.jp|access-date=28 December 2011|newspaper=IOM Today|date=5 December 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100522033529/http://www.iomtoday.co.im/news/Viewers-want-to-receive-Granada.4767163.jp|archive-date=22 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Island set for Granada services|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/isle_of_man/7842444.stm|access-date=28 December 2011|newspaper=BBC News|date=21 January 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Isle of Man moves ITV news region|url=http://www.iomtoday.co.im/news/Isle-of-Man-moves-ITV.4900003.jp|access-date=28 December 2011|newspaper=IOM Today|date=21 January 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302083115/http://www.iomtoday.co.im/news/Isle-of-Man-moves-ITV.4900003.jp|archive-date=2 March 2009}}</ref> 

ITV Border's own regional news service ceased production on Tuesday 24 February 2009, replaced by a dual-regional service the next day. The sub-regional service for southern Scotland was also closed. The main ITV Border newsroom is now based in the Kingstown area of Carlisle with reporters living and working in Carlisle, Dumfries, Edinburgh, Kendal, Selkirk and Whitehaven.

ITV Border won the RTS awards for ''Best News Programme: Nations and Regions'' for ''[[ITV News Lookaround|Lookaround]]'', whilst [[ITV Tyne Tees & Border]] was nominated in three categories in February 2011.

====Restoring a full regional service====
On 23 July 2013, proposals to reintroduce a full service of news and regional programmes for the ITV Border region were approved by [[Ofcom|OFCOM]]. In September 2013, ''[[ITV News Lookaround|Lookaround]]'' was restored as a full half-hour programme on weekdays with shorter daytime and weekend bulletins reintroduced during the month.<ref name="media.ofcom.org.uk">[http://media.ofcom.org.uk/2013/07/23/ofcom-sets-out-licence-terms-for-itv-stv-utv-and-channel-5/ OFCOM sets out licence terms for ITV, STV, UTV and Channel 5] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726234355/http://media.ofcom.org.uk/2013/07/23/ofcom-sets-out-licence-terms-for-itv-stv-utv-and-channel-5/ |date=26 July 2013 }}, OFCOM, 23 July 2013</ref> The programme continues to be broadcast from Gateshead with extra journalists recruited for newsgathering in the Border region, including a Scottish political editor in Edinburgh, a sports correspondent and district reporters.

ITV Border was also required to reopen its former opt-out service for southern Scotland, previously used to broadcast split news bulletins and select [[STV (TV channel)|STV]] programming. A minimum of 90 minutes a week of bespoke local programming is broadcast on ITV Border Scotland while viewers in Cumbria continue to receive network output. The opt-out service was launched on Monday 6 January 2014 and initially broadcast over Freeview only, with programmes also available on the ITV Border website.<ref name="media.ofcom.org.uk"/> From mid-March 2015, the split Border Scotland service became available to satellite viewers, replacing Border (England) in the relevant area.<ref>[http://www.a516digital.com/2015/03/itv-border-scotland-launches-on-sky-and.html?m=1 a516digital, 2014-03-04 ]</ref>