Editing Imidacloprid (section)

==Use==

Imidacloprid is one of the most widely used insecticides in the world.<ref name=Yamamoto1999 /><ref name="Casida-2018" /><ref name="Ihara-Matsuda-2018" />  Its major uses include:

* Seed treatment – Imidacloprid is a  popular [[seed treatment]] insecticide in the world<ref name="Bayer-SeedGrowth" />
* Agriculture – Control of [[aphid]]s, [[cane beetle]]s, [[thrips]],<ref name="EPAproblem">{{cite web | first1 = N.E. | last1 = Federoff | first2 = Allen | last2 = Vaughan | first3 = M.R. | last3 = Barrett | publisher = [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|US EPA]] | date = 13 November 2008 | title = Environmental Fate and Effects Division Problem Formulation for the Registration Review of Imidacloprid | url = http://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=EPA-HQ-OPP-2008-0844-0003 | access-date = 18 April 2012}}</ref> [[Halyomorpha halys|stink bug]]s, [[locust]]s, and a variety of other insects that damage crops
* [[Arboriculture]] – Control of the [[emerald ash borer]], [[hemlock woolly adelgid]],<ref name="Preston">{{cite magazine | url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2007/12/10/a-death-in-the-forest | title=A Death in the Forest | author=Preston, Richard | magazine=The New Yorker | year=2007 }}</ref> and other insects that attack trees (including [[Hemlock tree|hemlock]], [[maple]], [[oak]], and [[birch]])<ref name=trees />
* Home Protection – Control of [[termite]]s,{{sfn|Gervais|Luukinen|Buhl|Stone|2010}}<ref name="EPAproblem" /> [[carpenter ant]]s, [[cockroach]]es, and moisture-loving insects
* Domestic animals – Control of [[flea]]s (applied to the back of the neck){{sfn|Gervais|Luukinen|Buhl|Stone|2010}}
* Turf – Control of [[Japanese beetle]] larvae (exp. Grubs)
* Gardening – Control of [[aphid]]s and other pests

When used on plants, imidacloprid, which is systemic, is slowly taken up by plant roots and slowly [[Translocation (botany)|translocated]] up the plant via [[xylem]] tissue.

===Application to trees===
When used on trees, it can take 30–60 days to reach the top (depending on the size and height) and enter the leaves in high enough quantities to be effective. Imidacloprid can be found in the trunk, the branches, the twigs, the leaves, the leaflets, and the seeds.  Many trees are wind pollinated.  But others such as fruit trees, linden, catalpa, and black locust trees are bee and wind pollinated and imidacloprid would likely be found in the flowers in small quantities.  Higher doses must be used to control boring insects than other types.<ref name=trees/>

===Use in the United States===
{{See also|Neonicotinoid#United States}}
[[File:Imidacloprid use USA.png|thumb|Imidacloprid use in the US to 2019<ref name=USGS/>]]
The estimated annual use of the compound in US agriculture is mapped by the US Geological Service and shows an increasing trend from its introduction in 1994 to 2014 when it reached {{convert|2000000|lb|kg}}.<ref name=USGS>{{cite web |url=https://water.usgs.gov/nawqa/pnsp/usage/maps/show_map.php?year=2019&map=IMIDACLOPRID&hilo=L&disp=Imidacloprid |title=Estimated Annual Agricultural Pesticide Use for imidacloprid, 2019 |date=2021-10-12 |author=US Geological Survey |access-date=2022-01-24 }}</ref> However, use from 2015 to 2019 dropped following concerns about the effect of neonicotinoid chemicals on pollinating insects.<ref>{{cite web |title=EPA Actions to Protect Pollinators |url=https://www.epa.gov/pollinator-protection/epa-actions-protect-pollinators |website=US EPA |access-date=24 January 2022 |date=3 September 2013}}</ref> In May 2019, the Environmental Protection Agency revoked approval for a number of products containing imidacloprid as part of a legal settlement, although some formulations continue to be available.<ref>{{cite news | vauthors = Allington A |date=21 May 2019|title=EPA Curbs Use of 12 Bee-Harming Pesticides|url=https://news.bloombergenvironment.com/environment-and-energy/epa-curbs-use-of-12-bee-harming-pesticides|work=[[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg]]|access-date=24 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bayer.com/sites/default/files/Report%20Neonicotinoid%20Insecticides%40Bayer.pdf |author=Bayer |title=Neonicotinoid insecticides |date= April 2021 |access-date=2022-01-24}}</ref>