Editing Immunization (section)

==History==
{{See also|Inoculation|Vaccination#History}}
Before the introduction of vaccines, people could only become immune to an infectious disease by contracting the disease and surviving it. Smallpox ([[variola]]) was prevented in this way by [[inoculation]], which produced a milder effect than the natural disease. The first clear reference to smallpox inoculation was made by the Chinese author [[Wan Quan]] (1499–1582) in his ''Douzhen xinfa'' (痘疹心法) published in 1549.<ref>{{cite book | author=Needham, J. |year=1999 | title=Science and Civilization in China: Volume 6, Biology and Biological Technology | chapter=Part 6, Medicine | location=Cambridge |publisher= Cambridge University Press | page=134}}</ref> In China, powdered smallpox scabs were blown up the noses of the healthy. The patients would then develop a mild case of the disease and from then on were immune to it. The technique did have a 0.5–2.0% mortality rate, but that was considerably less than the 20–30% mortality rate of the disease itself. Two reports on the Chinese practice of [[inoculation]] were received by the [[Royal Society]] in London in 1700; one by Dr. [[Martin Lister]] who received a report by an employee of the [[East India Company]] stationed in China and another by [[Clopton Havers]].<ref>{{cite book|title=A History of Immunology|first=Arthur M. |last=Silverstein|page=293|publisher=Academic Press |year=2009|edition=2nd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2xNYjigte14C|isbn=9780080919461}}</ref> According to [[Voltaire]] (1742), the Turks derived their use of inoculation from neighbouring [[Circassia]]. Voltaire does not speculate on where the Circassians derived their technique from, though he reports that the Chinese have practiced it "these hundred years".<ref>{{cite book|author=Voltaire|year=1742|title=Letters on the English|chapter=Letter XI|chapter-url=http://www.bartleby.com/34/2/11.html|access-date=2019-01-21|archive-date=2018-10-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016221306/https://www.bartleby.com/34/2/11.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It was introduced into England from Turkey by [[Lady Mary Wortley Montagu]] in 1721 and used by [[Zabdiel Boylston]] in [[Boston]] the same year. In 1798 [[Edward Jenner]] introduced inoculation  with cowpox ([[smallpox vaccine]]), a much safer procedure. This procedure, referred to as [[vaccination]], gradually replaced smallpox inoculation, now called [[variolation]] to distinguish it from vaccination. Until the 1880s vaccine/vaccination referred only to smallpox, but [[Louis Pasteur]] developed immunization methods for chicken cholera and anthrax in animals and for human rabies, and suggested that the terms vaccine/vaccination should be extended to cover the new procedures. This can cause confusion if care is not taken to specify which vaccine is used e.g. measles vaccine or influenza vaccine.