Editing Implicate and explicate order (section)

== Overview ==
The notion of implicate and explicate orders emphasizes the primacy of structure and process over individual objects. The latter are seen as mere approximations of an underlying process. In this approach, quantum particles and other objects are understood to have only a limited degree of stability and autonomy.<ref>P. Pylkkänen, B. J. Hiley, I. Pättiniemi: ''Bohm's approach and Individuality'', [https://arxiv.org/abs/1405.4772v3 arXiv:1405.4772v3], version 3 of 28 November 2014</ref>

Bohm believed that the weirdness of the behavior of quantum particles is caused by unobserved forces, maintaining that space and time might actually be derived from an even deeper level of objective reality. In the words of [[F. David Peat]], Bohm considered that what we take for reality are "surface phenomena, explicate forms that have temporarily unfolded out of an underlying implicate order." That is, the implicate order is the ground from which reality [[emergence|emerges]].<ref name="Carvallo2013">F. David Peat, ''Non-locality in nature and cognition'', pp.&nbsp;297–311. In: {{cite book|author=M.E. Carvallo|title=Nature, Cognition and System II: Current Systems-Scientific Research on Natural and Cognitive Systems Volume 2: On Complementarity and Beyond|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PgPoCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA304|date=7 March 2013|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-94-011-2779-0|pages=304}}</ref>

=== The implicate order as an algebra ===
Bohm, his colleague [[Basil Hiley]], and other physicists of [[Birkbeck College]] worked toward a model of quantum physics in which the implicate order is represented in the form of an appropriate [[algebra]] or other [[Pregeometry (physics)|pregeometry]]. They considered [[spacetime]] itself as part of an explicate order that is connected to an implicate order that they called ''pre-space.'' The [[spacetime manifold]] and the properties of [[Principle of locality|locality]] and [[Nonlocal Aharonov–Bohm effect|nonlocality]] all arise from an order in such pre-space. A. M. Frescura and Hiley suggested that an implicate order could be carried by an algebra, with the explicate order being contained in the various [[Algebra representation|representations]] of this algebra.<ref>F. A. M. Frescura, B. J. Hiley: [http://www.bbk.ac.uk/tpru/BasilHiley/P12FrescandHiley3.pdf Algebras, quantum theory and pre-space], pp.&nbsp;3–4 (published in Revista Brasileira de Fisica, Volume Especial, Julho 1984, Os 70 anos de Mario Schonberg, pp. 49–86)</ref><ref>See also: [[Basil Hiley#Implicate orders, pre-space and algebraic structures|Work by Bohm and Hiley on implicate orders, pre-space and algebraic structures]]</ref>

In analogy to [[Alfred North Whitehead]]'s notion of  "actual occasion,"<ref>A. N. Whitehead, ''Process and Reality'', Corrected Edition, ed. D. Griffin and D. Sherburne (New York: Macmillan, 1978), pp. 18 ff.</ref> Bohm considered the notion of ''moment'' – a moment being a not entirely localizable event, with events being allowed to overlap&nbsp;<ref>David Bohm: ''Time, the implicate order, and pre-space,'' In: David R. Griffin: ''Physics and the Ultimate Significance of Time'', State University of New York Press, 1986, {{ISBN|0-88706-113-3}}, pp.&nbsp;177–208, [https://books.google.com/books?id=hXWKzPFgv_wC&pg=PA183 p. 183]</ref> and being connected in an overall implicate order:<ref>David Bohm: ''Time, the implicate order, and pre-space'', In: David R. Griffin: ''Physics and the Ultimate Significance of Time'', State University of New York Press, 1986, {{ISBN|0-88706-113-3}}, pp.&nbsp;177–208, [https://books.google.com/books?id=hXWKzPFgv_wC&pg=PA189 p. 189]</ref>

{{Blockquote| I propose that each moment of time is a projection from the total implicate order. The term ''projection'' is a particularly happy choice here, not only because its common meaning is suitable for what is needed, but also because its mathematical meaning as a projection operation, ''P'', is just what is required for working out these notions in terms of the quantum theory. }}

Bohm emphasized the primary role of the implicate order's structure:<ref>David Bohm: ''Time, the implicate order, and pre-space'', In: David R. Griffin: ''Physics and the Ultimate Significance of Time'', State University of New York Press, 1986, {{ISBN|0-88706-113-3}}, pp.&nbsp;177–208, [https://books.google.com/books?id=hXWKzPFgv_wC&pg=PA192 pp. 192–193]</ref>

{{Blockquote| My attitude is that the mathematics of the quantum theory deals ''primarily'' with the structure of the implicate pre-space and with how an explicate order of space and time emerges from it, rather than with movements of physical entities, such as particles and fields. (This is a kind of extension of what is done in general relativity, which deals primarily with geometry and only secondarily with the entities that are described within this geometry.) }}

=== The explicate order and quantum entanglement ===
Central to Bohm's schema are correlations between [[observable]]s of entities which seem separated by great distances in the explicate order (such as a particular electron here on Earth and an [[alpha particle]] in one of the stars in the [[Abell 1835 IR1916|Abell 1835 galaxy]], then a possible candidate for farthest galaxy from Earth known to humans), manifestations of the implicate order. Within quantum theory, there is [[quantum entanglement|entanglement]] of such objects.

This view of order necessarily departs from any notion which entails signalling, and therefore causality. The correlation of observables does not imply a causal influence, and in Bohm's schema, the latter represents 'relatively' independent events in spacetime; and therefore explicate order.

=== A common grounding for consciousness and matter ===
[[Image:Hersenen.png|thumb|upright=0.6|[[Karl H. Pribram]]'s research suggests that memories may not be localized in specific regions of brains]]

The implicate order represents the proposal of a general [[metaphysics|metaphysical]] concept in terms of which it is claimed that [[matter]] and [[consciousness]] might both be understood, in the sense that it is proposed that both matter and consciousness: (i) enfold the structure of the whole within each region, and (ii) involve continuous processes of enfoldment and unfoldment.  For example, in the case of matter, entities such as atoms may represent continuous enfoldment and unfoldment which manifests as a relatively stable and autonomous entity that can be observed to follow a relatively well-defined path in spacetime.  In the case of consciousness, Bohm pointed toward evidence presented by [[Karl H. Pribram|Karl Pribram]] that [[memories]] may be enfolded within every region of the [[brain]] rather than being localized (for example, in particular regions of the brain, cells, or atoms).

Bohm went on to say: <blockquote>As in our discussion of matter in general, it is now necessary to go into the question of how in consciousness the explicate order is what is manifest ... the manifest content of consciousness is based essentially on memory, which is what allows such content to be held in a fairly constant form.  Of course, to make possible such constancy it is also necessary that this content be organized, not only through relatively fixed association but also with the aid of the rules of logic, and of our basic categories of space, time, causality, universality, etc. ... there will be a strong background of recurrent, stable, and separable features, against which the transitory and changing aspects of the unbroken flow of experience will be seen as fleeting impressions that tend to be arranged and ordered mainly in terms of the vast totality of the relatively static and fragmented content of [memories].<ref>{{harvnb|Bohm|1980|p=205}}</ref></blockquote>

Bohm also claimed that "as with consciousness, each moment has a certain explicate order, and in addition it enfolds all the others, though in its own way.  So the relationship of each moment in the whole to all the others is implied by its total content: the way in which it 'holds' all the others enfolded within it." Bohm characterises consciousness as a process in which at each moment, content that was previously implicate is presently explicate, and content which was previously explicate has become implicate.

<blockquote>One may indeed say that our memory is a special case of the process described above, for all that is recorded is held enfolded within the brain cells and these are part of matter in general.  The recurrence and stability of our own memory as a relatively independent sub-totality is thus brought about as part of the very same process that sustains the recurrence and stability in the manifest order of matter in general.  It follows, then, that the explicate and manifest order of consciousness is not ultimately distinct from that of matter in general.<ref>{{harvnb|Bohm|1980|p=208}}</ref></blockquote>