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Independent Broadcasting Authority
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==Approach== {{Infobox UK legislation | short_title = {{visible anchor|Independent Broadcasting Authority Act 1973}} | type = Act | parliament = Parliament of the United Kingdom | long_title = An Act to consolidate the Television and Sound Broadcasting Acts 1964 and 1972. | year = 1973 | citation = [[List of acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1973|1973]] c. 19 | introduced_commons = | introduced_lords = | territorial_extent = | royal_assent = 23 May 1973 | commencement = | expiry_date = | repeal_date = | amends = | replaces = | amendments = | repealing_legislation = | related_legislation = | status = | legislation_history = | theyworkforyou = | millbankhansard = | original_text = | revised_text = | use_new_UK-LEG = | UK-LEG_title = | collapsed = yes }} {{Infobox UK legislation | short_title = {{visible anchor|Independent Broadcasting Authority Act 1974}} | type = Act | parliament = Parliament of the United Kingdom | long_title = An Act to make further provision as to the payments to be made to the Independent Broadcasting Authority by television programme contractors; and for purposes connected therewith. | year = 1974 | citation = [[List of acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1974|1974]] c. 16 | introduced_commons = | introduced_lords = | territorial_extent = | royal_assent = 23 May 1974 | commencement = | expiry_date = | repeal_date = | amends = | replaces = | amendments = | repealing_legislation = | related_legislation = | status = | legislation_history = | theyworkforyou = | millbankhansard = | original_text = | revised_text = | use_new_UK-LEG = | UK-LEG_title = | collapsed = yes }} {{Infobox UK legislation | short_title = {{visible anchor|Independent Broadcasting Authority Act 1978}} | type = Act | parliament = Parliament of the United Kingdom | long_title = An Act to extend until 31st December 1981 the period during which television and local sound broadcasting services are to be provided by the Independent Broadcasting Authority and to exclude section 4(2) and (5) of the Independent Broadcasting Authority Act 1973 in relation to proceedings in Parliament and proceedings of local authorities and committees and joint committees of local authorities. | year = 1978 | citation = [[List of acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1978|1978]] c. 43 | introduced_commons = | introduced_lords = | territorial_extent = | royal_assent = 31 July 1978 | commencement = | expiry_date = | repeal_date = | amends = {{ubli|Independent Broadcasting Authority Act 1973}} | replaces = | amendments = | repealing_legislation = | related_legislation = | status = | legislation_history = | theyworkforyou = | millbankhansard = | original_text = | revised_text = | use_new_UK-LEG = | UK-LEG_title = | collapsed = yes }} {{Infobox UK legislation | short_title = {{visible anchor|Independent Broadcasting Authority Act 1979}} | type = Act | parliament = Parliament of the United Kingdom | long_title = An Act to confer power on the Independent Broadcasting Authority to equip themselves to transmit a television broadcasting service additional to those of the British Broadcasting Corporation and to that provided by the Authority under the Independent Broadcasting Authority Act 1973. | year = 1979 | citation = [[List of acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1979|1979]] c. 35 | introduced_commons = | introduced_lords = | territorial_extent = | royal_assent = 4 April 1979 | commencement = | expiry_date = | repeal_date = | amends = | replaces = | amendments = | repealing_legislation = | related_legislation = | status = | legislation_history = | theyworkforyou = | millbankhansard = | original_text = https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1979/35/contents/enacted | revised_text = | use_new_UK-LEG = | UK-LEG_title = | collapsed = yes }} The IBA's approach to regulation was more robust than that of its successors, and it assumed the ultimate role of the broadcaster (whereas today, TV licensees are termed "broadcasters in their own right"). The IBA took a very "hands-on" approach and placed the interests of the viewer before anything else. For example, if two ITV licensees wanted to merge, or another wanted to change its broadcast name, this would require approval by the IBA. This direct approach also extended to programmes; the IBA could (and did) place limits on how many [[soap opera|soap]] episodes could be shown per week,{{citation needed|date=February 2017}} if they believed programme quality would be compromised. As well as setting guidelines on advertising content (some guidelines only, the remainder being the responsibility of the [[Advertising Standards Authority (United Kingdom)|ASA]]), quantity and timings, the IBA also operated monitoring systems for the quality of programme content and the technical quality of programme play-out. On 19 January 1972, the British government announced the lifting of all restrictions and limits on the number of broadcasting hours per day that both the BBC and ITV could air. Until 1972, both the BBC and ITV were limited to how many normal programming hours they could air during the course of each day – by 1971 it was limited to 8 hours per day, with exemptions for schools, adult educational, religious programming, state occasions and outdoor sporting coverage. For ITV this meant they could start a proper daytime television schedule, allowing the smaller ITV companies to produce and sell programming to the network. The IBA ensured that along with the new daytime schedules which launched on Monday 16 October 1972 that their public service remit programming would continue after the restrictions were lifted. Schools programming were now placed in a new 2.5 hour slot each weekday from 9.30am along with the continued production of religious programming and adult education.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1972/jan/19/television-and-radio-broadcasting-1|title=TELEVISION AND RADIO BROADCASTING (Hansard, 19 January 1972)|access-date=22 June 2019|archive-date=24 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724032129/https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1972/jan/19/television-and-radio-broadcasting-1|url-status=live}}</ref> There were also limits on the value of prizes that could be given away – this dated from the broadcast of the UK version of ''[[Twenty-One (game show)|Twenty-One]]'' in 1958 in which a contestant won enough money to buy both a car and a house.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Transdiffusion |url=http://www.transdiffusion.org/2005/09/03/evolution |title=Evolution |date=2005-09-03 |quote=a contestant on “Twenty One” ... [won] £5,580 in 1958 – enough at the time to buy a house and a car. |access-date=31 August 2014 |archive-date=3 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903080859/http://www.transdiffusion.org/2005/09/03/evolution |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1960, two years after the [[1950s quiz show scandals|quiz show scandals]] in America, the [[Independent Television Authority]] (predecessor of the IBA) imposed a [[Pound sterling|£]]1,000 cap on the value of prizes which increased to £1,250 during the late 1970s with an occasional limit of £2,000 which rose to £2,500 by 1981. From 1981 to 1988, weekly winnings could average no more than £1,750. On occasion, said limit could increase to £3,500 over a course of four weeks. From 1989 to 1992, weekly winnings could not average more than £5,000 per individual contestant or £6,000 in total winnings per week. British versions of popular American quiz shows had to be adjusted – ''[[The $64,000 Question (UK game show)|The $64,000 Question]]'' having a maximum prize initially of 64,000 [[Sixpence (British coin)|sixpences]] (£1,600) in the late 1950s, and in the early 1990s of just £6,400. "The Six Thousand Four Hundred Pound Question" was only asked every other week, so as not to break the regulatory £6,000/week maximum. The Independent Television Commission abolished such limits in 1993. Throughout its history until just before its demise, the IBA put out a short weekly programme under the title ''[[Engineering Announcements]]'', transmitted outside normal programme hours, and not otherwise advertised. These provided valuable technical information for members of the radio and television trade. These broadcasts were shown on ITV until May 1983 after which they were shown on Channel 4 and S4C,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UYJLr37sm20&nohtml5=False |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211220/UYJLr37sm20 |archive-date=2021-12-20 |url-status=live|title=☆ Last IBA Engineering Announcements on ITV – 17 May 1983|last=Transdiffusion Broadcasting System|date=3 September 2015|access-date=14 October 2018|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> with the final broadcast taking place on 31 July 1990.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Izz-4_AlKWg |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211220/Izz-4_AlKWg |archive-date=2021-12-20 |url-status=live|title=IBA Engineering Announcements Last Edition 31st July 1990|last=bayside2000|date=4 September 2015|access-date=26 August 2018|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> ===1980 franchise round=== {{main|History of ITV#1982–1992}} Regional programming on [[ITV (TV network)|ITV]] was a major concern for the IBA, particularly in the 1980 franchise round. The IBA was determined each franchise provided the best possible local service, so the South of England transmission region was split in two, with the successful applicant required to provide separate news services for the South and South East, while in the Midlands [[Associated TeleVision|ATV]]'s commitment to regional output in the Midlands had been a long-running issue for the IBA; in 1980, they were allowed to keep their franchise, but with several tough conditions.
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