Editing Indigestion (section)

==Signs and symptoms==

=== Symptoms ===
Patients experiencing indigestion likely report one, a combination of, or all of the following symptoms:<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Rome IV Criteria|url=https://theromefoundation.org/rome-iv/rome-iv-criteria/|access-date=2022-01-19|website=Rome Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref>
* upper abdominal pain or discomfort
* [[bloating]]
* early [[satiety]]
* [[postprandial]] fullness
* nausea with or without vomiting
* [[Anorexia (symptom)|anorexia]]
* [[Regurgitation (digestion)|regurgitation]]
* belching

=== Signs ===
There may be abdominal tenderness, but this finding is nonspecific and is not required to make a diagnosis.<ref name=":1" /> However, there are physical exam signs that may point to a different diagnosis and underlying cause for a patient's reported discomfort. A positive Carnett sign (focal tenderness that increases with abdominal wall contraction and palpation) suggests an [[etiology]] involving the abdominal wall musculature. [[Skin|Cutaneous]] dermatomal distribution of pain may suggest a [[Thorax|thoracic]] [[Radiculopathy|polyradiculopathy]]. Tenderness to palpation over the right upper quadrant, or Murphy's sign, may suggest [[cholecystitis]] or gallbladder inflammation.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Flier|first1=SN|last2=S|first2=Rose|date=2006|title=Is functional dyspepsia of particular concern in women? A review of gender differences in epidemiology, pathophysiologic mechanism, clinical presentation and management|journal=Am J Gastroenterol|volume=101|issue=12 Suppl|pages=S644–53|doi=10.1111/j.1572-0241.2006.01015.x|pmid=17177870|s2cid=27922893}}</ref>

=== Alarm symptoms ===
Also known as ''Alarm features'', ''alert features'', ''red flags'', or ''warning signs'' in gastrointestinal (GI) literature.

Alarm features are thought to be associated with serious gastroenterologic disease and include:<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Vakil |first1=Nimish |title=Limited Value of Alarm Features in the Diagnosis of Upper Gastrointestinal Malignancy: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis |journal=Gastroenterology |date=2006 |volume=131 |issue=2 |pages=390–401 |doi=10.1053/j.gastro.2006.04.029 |pmid=16890592 |url=https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2006.04.029|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
* chronic gastrointestinal bleeding
* progressive unintentional weight loss
* [[Dysphagia|progressive difficulty swallowing (dysphagia)]]
* persistent vomiting
* [[Iron deficiency anemia]]
* [[Vitamin B12 deficiency|Vitamin B<sub>12</sub> deficiency]] ([[Pernicious anemia]])
* [[Epigastrium|epigastric]] mass