Editing Infrastructure (section)

==Classifications==
A 1987 [[National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine|US National Research Council]] panel adopted the term "[[public works]] infrastructure", referring to:
<blockquote>
"...&nbsp;both specific functional modes – highways, streets, roads, and bridges; [[mass transit]]; airports and airways; [[water supply]] and [[water resources]]; [[wastewater management]]; [[solid-waste]] treatment and disposal; electric [[power generation]] and transmission; telecommunications; and [[Hazardous waste|hazardous waste management]] – and the combined system these modal elements comprise. A comprehension of infrastructure spans not only these public works facilities, but also the operating procedures, management practices, and development policies that interact together with societal demand and the physical world to facilitate the transport of people and goods, provision of water for drinking and a variety of other uses, safe disposal of society's waste products, provision of energy where it is needed, and transmission of information within and between communities."<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.17226/798 |title=Infrastructure for the 21st Century |date=1987 |isbn=978-0-309-07814-6 |page=21 |publisher=National Academies Press |location=Washington, D.C. }}</ref>
</blockquote>

The [[American Society of Civil Engineers]] publishes an "Infrastructure Report Card" which represents the organization's opinion on the condition of various infrastructure every 2–4 years.<ref name=asce17>[http://www.infrastructurereportcard.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/2017-Infrastructure-Report-Card.pdf 2017 Infrastructure Report], 112pp, American Society of Civil Engineers, 2017</ref> {{As of |2017}} they grade 16 categories, namely aviation, bridges, dams, [[drinking water]], energy, [[hazardous waste]], [[inland waterway]]s, [[levee]]s, parks and [[recreation]], [[ports]], [[railway|rail]], [[roads]], schools, [[solid waste]], [[Public transport|transit]] and [[wastewater]].<ref name=asce17/>{{rp|4}} The United States has received a rating of "D+" on its infrastructure.<ref name="Cervero">{{cite journal |last1=Cervero |first1=Robert |title=Transport Infrastructure and the Environment in the Global South: Sustainable Mobility and Urbanism |journal=Jurnal Perencanaan Wilayah Dan Kota |date=December 2014 |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=174–191 |doi=10.5614/jpwk.2015.25.3.1 |doi-access=free }}</ref> This aging infrastructure is a result of governmental neglect and inadequate funding.<ref name="Cervero"/> As the United States presumably looks to upgrade its existing infrastructure, sustainable measures could be a consideration of the design, build, and operation plans.

===Public===
'''Public infrastructure''' is that owned or available for use by the [[public]] (represented by the [[government]]).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Public Infrastructure |url=https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/economics/public-infrastructure/ |access-date=2024-01-26 |website=Corporate Finance Institute |language=en-US}}</ref> It includes:<ref name=":0" />
* [[Transport infrastructure]] – vehicles, road, rail, cable and financing of transport
** [[Air traffic control|Aviation infrastructure]] – air traffic control technology in aviation
** [[Rail transport#Infrastructure|Rail transport]] – trackage, signals, electrification of rails
** [[Road transport#Infrastructure|Road transport]] – roads, bridges, tunnels
* [[Critical infrastructure]] – assets required to sustain human life
* [[Energy development|Energy infrastructure]] – transmission and storage of [[fossil fuels]] and renewable sources
* [[IT infrastructure|Information and communication infrastructure]] – systems of information storage and distribution
* [[Public capital]] – government-owned assets
* [[Public works]] – municipal infrastructure, maintenance functions and agencies
* [[Municipal solid waste]] – generation, collection, management of trash/garbage
* [[Sustainable urban infrastructure]] – technology, architecture, policy for [[sustainable living]]
* [[Water supply network]] – the distribution and maintenance of water supply
* [[Wastewater|Wastewater infrastructure]] – disposal and treatment of wastewater
* [[Infrastructure-based development]]

=== Personal ===
A way to embody personal infrastructure is to think of it in terms of [[human capital]].<ref name="Torrisi">{{Cite web|url=https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/12990/1/Survey_infra_def.pdf|title=Public infrastructure: definition, classification and measurement issues|last=Torrisi|first=Gianpiero|date=January 2009}}</ref> Human capital is defined by the [[Encyclopædia Britannica]] as "intangible collective resources possessed by individuals and groups within a given population".<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/human-capital|title=Human capital {{!}} economics|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=2018-04-25|language=en}}</ref> The goal of personal infrastructure is to determine the quality of the economic agents' values. This results in three major tasks: the task of economic proxies in the economic process (teachers, unskilled and qualified labor, etc.); the importance of personal infrastructure for an individual (short and long-term consumption of education); and the social relevance of personal infrastructure.<ref name="Torrisi" /> Essentially, personal infrastructure maps the human impact on infrastructure as it is related to the economy, individual growth, and social impact.

=== Institutional ===
Institutional infrastructure branches from the term "economic constitution". According to [[Gianpiero Torrisi]], institutional infrastructure is the object of [[economic policy|economic]] and legal policy. It compromises the growth and sets norms.<ref name="Torrisi" /> It refers to the degree of fair treatment of equal economic data and determines the framework within which economic agents may formulate their own economic plans and carry them out in co-operation with others.

=== Sustainable ===
Sustainable infrastructure refers to the processes of design and construction that take into consideration their environmental, economic, and social impact.<ref name="Cervero"/> Included in this section are several elements of sustainable schemes, including materials, water, energy, transportation, and waste management infrastructure.<ref name="Cervero" /> Although there are endless other factors of consideration, those will not be covered in this section.

===Material===
Material infrastructure is defined as "those immobile, non-circulating capital goods that essentially contribute to the production of infrastructure goods and services needed to satisfy basic physical and social requirements of [[economic agent]]s".<ref name="Torrisi" /> There are two distinct qualities of material infrastructures: 1) fulfillment of [[social needs]] and 2) [[mass production]]. The first characteristic deals with the basic needs of human life. The second characteristic is the non-availability of infrastructure goods and services.<ref name="Torrisi" /> Today, there are various materials that can be used to build infrastructure. The most prevalent ones are asphalt, concrete, steel, masonry, wood, polymers and composites.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Infrastructure Materials Engineering – Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering|url=https://www.caee.utexas.edu/research/specialities/infrastructure|access-date=2020-11-05|website=caee.utexas.edu}}</ref>

=== Economic ===
According to the business dictionary, economic infrastructure can be defined as "internal facilities of a country that make business activity possible, such as communication, transportation and [[distribution network]]s, [[financial institution]]s and related international markets, and [[energy supply]] systems".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/economic-infrastructure.html|title=What is economic infrastructure? definition and meaning|website=BusinessDictionary.com|language=en|access-date=2018-04-25|archive-date=2018-04-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426075850/http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/economic-infrastructure.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Economic infrastructure support productive activities and events. This includes roads, highways, bridges, airports, [[cycling infrastructure]], [[water supply|water distribution]] networks, [[sewerage|sewer systems]], and [[irrigation]] plants.<ref name="Torrisi" />

=== Social ===
[[File:Lehigh-Valley-Hospital.x.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|[[Lehigh Valley Hospital–Cedar Crest]] in [[Allentown, Pennsylvania]]]]
Social infrastructure can be broadly defined as the construction and maintenance of facilities that support [[social services]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cohen |first=Gershon |date=20 July 2017 |url=https://www.aberdeenstandard.com/en-us/us/investor/insights-thinking-aloud/article-page/what-is-social-infrastructure |title=What is social infrastructure? |website=Aberdeen Standard Investments |language=en}}</ref> Social infrastructures are created to increase social comfort and promote economic activity. These include schools, parks and [[playground]]s, structures for [[Public security|public safety]], [[waste]] disposal plants, hospitals, and sports areas.<ref name="Torrisi" />

=== Core ===
[[File:Blick auf A 2 bei Raststätte Lehrter See (2009).jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|An ''[[Autobahn]]'' in [[Lehrte]], near [[Hanover]], Germany]]
Core assets provide essential services and have monopolistic characteristics.<ref name="Pease">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ncpers.org/files/Conference%20Docs/Public%20Safety/2014%20Handouts/Robert%20Pease_Tuesday.pdf|title=Infrastructure Investment Opportunities for Public Safety Plans|last=Pease|first=Bob|date=October 28, 2014|access-date=April 25, 2018|archive-date=April 20, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420164714/https://www.ncpers.org/files/Conference%20Docs/Public%20Safety/2014%20Handouts/Robert%20Pease_Tuesday.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Investors seeking core infrastructure look for five different characteristics: income, low volatility of returns, diversification, inflation protection, and long-term liability matching.<ref name="Pease" /> Core infrastructure incorporates all the main types of infrastructure, such as roads, highways, railways, [[public transportation]], water, and [[Gasoline|gas]] supply.

=== Basic ===
Basic infrastructure refers to main railways, roads, canals, harbors and docks, the electromagnetic telegraph, drainage, dikes, and land reclamation.<ref name="Torrisi" /> It consist of the more well-known and common features of infrastructure that we come across in our daily lives (buildings, roads, docks).

=== Complementary ===
Complementary infrastructure refers to things like light railways, tramways, and gas/electricity/water supply.<ref name="Torrisi" /> To complement something means to bring it to perfection or complete it. Complementary infrastructure deals with the little parts of the engineering world that make life more convenient and efficient. They are needed to ensure successful usage and marketing of an already finished product, like in the case of [[road bridges]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.definitions.net/definition/complementary+assets|title=What does complementary assets mean?|website=definitions.net}}</ref> Other examples are lights on sidewalks, landscaping around buildings, and benches where pedestrians can rest.