Editing Inselberg (section)

== Etymology ==
=== Inselberg ===
The word ''inselberg'' is a [[loan word]] from [[German language|German]], and means "island mountain". The term was coined in 1900 by geologist [[Wilhelm Bornhardt]] (1864–1946) to describe the abundance of such features found in eastern [[Africa]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Holmes |first1=Arthur |title=Holmes Principles of Physical Geology |date=1978 |publisher=Nelson |isbn=978-0-17-771299-9 }}{{page needed|date=December 2021}}</ref> At that time, the term applied only to arid landscape features. However, it has since been used to describe a broader geography and range of rock features, leading to confusion about the precise definition of the term.

In a 1973 study examining the use of the term, one researcher found that the term had been used for features in [[savannah]] climates 40% of the time, arid or semi-arid climates 32% of the time, humid-subtropical and arctic 12% of the time, and 6% each in humid-tropical and Mediterranean climates. A 1972 paper defined inselbergs as "steep-sided isolated hills rising relatively abruptly above gently sloping ground". This definition includes such features as [[butte]]s; conical hills with rectilinear sides typically found in arid regions; [[regolith]]-covered concave-convex hills; rock crests over regolith slopes; rock domes with near vertical sides; [[Tor (rock formation)|tors]] (koppies) formed of large boulders but with solid rock cores. Thus, the terms monadnock and inselberg may not perfectly match,<ref name="gerrard">Gerrard, John (1988). ''[https://archive.org/details/rockslandforms0000gerr/page/209 <!-- quote=inselberg + geology. --> Rocks and Landforms]'' Routledge: Florence, Kentucky.</ref> though some authors have explicitly argued these terms are completely synonymous.<ref name="King53">{{cite journal |last1=King |first1=Lester C. |authorlink1=Lester Charles King |title=Canons of landscape evolution |journal=Geological Society of America Bulletin |date=1953 |volume=64 |issue=7 |pages=721 |doi=10.1130/0016-7606(1953)64[721:COLE]2.0.CO;2 }}</ref>

=== Monadnock ===
''Monadnock'' is derived from an [[Abenaki language|Abenaki]] term for an isolated [[hill]] or a lone mountain that stands above the surrounding area, typically by surviving erosion. Geologists took the name from [[Mount Monadnock]] in southwestern [[New Hampshire]].<ref name="Raymo">[[Raymo, Chet]] and [[Raymo, Maureen E.]] (1989) ''Written in Stone: A Geologic History of the Northeastern United States.'' Globe Pequot, Chester, Connecticut.</ref> It is thought to derive from either {{lang|abe|menonadenak}} ({{Translation|smooth mountain}}) or {{lang|abe|menadena}} ({{Translation|isolated mountain}}).<ref>"[http://www.vt.nrcs.usda.gov/soils/so_NewsInd.html Vermont Soils with Names of American Indian Origin] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090320061630/http://www.vt.nrcs.usda.gov/Soils/so_NewsInd.html |date=2009-03-20 }}" United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. Retrieved January 6, 2008.</ref> In this context, ''monadnock'' is used to describe a mountain that rises from an area of relatively flat and/or lower terrain. For instance, Mount Monadnock rises {{convert|2000|ft|m|order=flip}} above its surrounding terrain and stands, at {{convert|3165|ft|m|order=flip|abbr=on}}, nearly {{convert|1000|ft|m|order=flip|abbr=on}} higher than any mountain peak within {{convert|30|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on}}.<ref>Baldwin, Henry I. (1989). ''Monadnock Guide 4th edition.'' Concord, New Hampshire: [[Society for the Protection of New Hampshire Forests]].</ref>