Editing Instamatic (section)

==History==
Market research which showed that most consumers would be happier with more automated film loading and exposure settings led Kodak to develop the Instamatic cameras starting in the early 1950s under project ''Easy Load'', later updated to ''Project 13''. A. D. Johnson, manager of advertising, is credited with coining the name Instamatic.<ref name=Kemp/>{{rp|8–9}} In a 1993 article speculating about the potential details of what would eventually be released as the [[Advanced Photo System]], [[Herbert Keppler]] noted that "many snapshooters didn't buy cameras or take pictures because they simply couldn't load rollfilm or 35mm cameras. [...] Kodak's Kodapak 126 35mm cartridge, introduced in 1963, solved the problems of film loading, film advance, and rewinding. [...] It was a sensational success among snapshooters."<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XsM39O-k8GsC&pg=PA46 |title=New 35mm film format: bogeyman or blessing? |first=Herbert |last=Keppler |author-link=Herbert Keppler |date=November 1993 |magazine=Popular Photography |pages=46–49 |access-date=2 December 2024}}</ref>

===Early Instamatics===
[[File:Kodak Instamatic 100.jpg|thumb|right|The Instamatic 100, the first Instamatic sold in the US, with single flashbulb attached]]
The lead designer for the Instamatic program was [[Dean M. Peterson]] (original design by Alexander Gow), also later known for most of the innovations in the [[point-and-shoot camera]] revolution of the 1980s. They were the first cameras to use Kodak's new 126 format. The easy-load [[photographic film|film]] cartridge made the cameras very inexpensive to produce, as it provided the film backing plate and exposure counter itself and thus saved considerable design complexity and manufacturing cost for the cameras. Kodak sold various print and slide films in the 126 format.

The first Instamatic to be released was the Instamatic 50, which appeared in the [[United Kingdom|UK]] in February 1963. The first model released in the US was the basic Instamatic 100, approximately one month later, which included a built-in [[Flash (photography)|flashgun]] for single-use AG-1 "peanut" [[Flash (photography)#Flash bulbs|bulbs]], a feature lacking in the 50. With non-adjustable aperture, focus, and shutter speed ({{frac|90}}&nbsp;sec.),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.instructables.com/id/Instamatic-Retro/step5/Kodak-Instamatic-100/ |title=Instamatic Retro : Kodak Instamatic 100 |publisher=Instructables.com |date=2008-07-27 |access-date=2015-05-09}}</ref> it continued in the tradition of Kodak's earlier [[Brownie (camera)|Brownie]] cameras, providing a simple [[Snapshot (photography)|snapshot]] camera anyone could use, with the added convenience of drop-in loading using "Kodapak" cartridges. These were offered initially with one of four preloaded films: [[Kodak Verichrome Pan|Verichrome Pan]], [[Kodachrome|Kodachrome-X]], [[Kodacolor (still photography)|Kodacolor-X]], and [[Kodak Portra|Ektacolor-X]].<ref name=PopSci-63>{{cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uSADAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA112 |title=Now: Cameras You Load Like a Gun |first=Bob |last=Hering |date=May 1963 |magazine=Popular Science |pages=112–113 |volume=182 |number=5 |access-date=2 December 2024}}</ref>

The first Instamatics went on sale for $16 in early 1963<ref>{{cite book|last1=Gustavson|first1=Todd|title=500 Cameras 170 years of photographic innovation|date=2011|publisher=Sterling Signature|isbn=978-1-4027-8086-8 }}</ref> and were soon followed by the 300 (which had a light meter), the 400 (which had a light meter and a spring driven film advance), and the 700 (which had a light meter and adjustable focus and shutter speeds).<ref name=PopSci-63/><ref name=PM-1963>{{Cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CeMDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA208 |title=Comparing the new quick loaders |author=Brown, Kevin |pages=112–115;208;212 |magazine=Popular Mechanics|publisher=Hearst Magazines|date=October 1963}}</ref> Early fixed-focus Instamatics used either a 43&nbsp;mm {{f/|11}} plastic lens or a 41&nbsp;mm {{f/|8}} ''Kodar'' glass lens;<ref name=JimGrey>{{cite web |url=https://blog.jimgrey.net/2014/02/17/kodak-instamatic-104-and-kodak-hawkeye-instamatic/ |title=Kodak Instamatic 104 and Kodak Hawkeye Instamatic |date=17 February 2014 |author=Grey, Jim |website=Down the Road |access-date=2 March 2023}}</ref> the 700 was equipped with a marginally wider and much faster 38&nbsp;mm ''Ektar''/''Ektanar'' {{f/|2.8}} lens.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/objects/co8085559/kodak-instamatic-700-camera-camera |title=Kodak Instamatic 700 camera |publisher=Science Museum Group |access-date=2 March 2023}}</ref> The final digit in the model designation (e.g., 100 or 104) refers to the type of flash used: models ending in 0 had a built-in flashgun, while those ending in 4 (introduced in 1965)<ref name=PP-1988/> used [[Flash (photography)#Flashcubes, Magicubes and Flipflash<!--This section is linked from GTE-->|flashcube]]s.

[[File:Kodak Instamatic Reflex (2241986487).jpg|thumb|left|Kodak [[Instamatic Reflex]] SLR model]]
The lineup was soon expanded to include a variety of models from the basic but popular 100/104 to the automatic exposure 800/804, which featured an [[aluminum]] chassis, [[Rangefinder camera|rangefinder]], [[selenium]] [[light meter]], and [[clockwork]] spring wind. The best model made in the USA was the 814, which had a four-element lens and a coupled range-finder.<ref name=BL-1969>{{cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZKRtQ5ap1vQC&pg=PA32 |title=Photo gifts for Christmas |author=Durniak, John |date=December 1969 |magazine=Boys' Life |publisher=Boy Scouts of America |pages=32–33;79 |access-date=2 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N9gDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA193 |title=Meet the sharper shooter (advertisement) |page=193 |volume=132 |number=1 |magazine= Popular Mechanics|publisher = Hearst Magazines|date = July 1969}}</ref> The top-of-the-line model was the [[Instamatic Reflex]] (1969), a [[single-lens reflex camera]] which was made in [[Germany]] and could accept a variety of [[Kodak Retina|Retina]] S-mount [[photographic lens|lenses]].<ref name=PM-196902>{{cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9gDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA148 |title=The drop-in film cartridge has come to stay |author=Gallagher, Sheldon M. |pages=148–150 |magazine=Popular Mechanics |date=February 1969 |volume=131 |number=2 |publisher=The Hearst Corporation |access-date=2 March 2023}}</ref> Some German-built Instamatic cameras such as the 250 and 500 included fixed lenses made by [[Rodenstock Photo Optics|Rodenstock]] and [[Schneider Kreuznach]].<ref name=Kemp/>{{rp|16–17}}

===Commercial success===
[[File:Kodak Instamatic 277 X - 4 - with Magicube (retouch).jpg|thumb|right|Instamatic 277-X, a later model with a "[[Magicube]]" flashbulb cartridge attached]]
The Instamatic was an instant success; more than 50 million Instamatic cameras were produced between 1963 and 1970.<ref name="usatoday1"/> Kodak even gave away a considerable number in a joint promotion with Scott paper towels in the early 1970s to generate many new photographers and stimulate lasting demand for its film business.

Many other manufacturers attempted to capitalize on the popularity of the Instamatic with their own 126 cameras, including [[Canon Inc.|Canon]], [[Olympus Corporation|Olympus]], [[Minolta]], [[Ricoh]], [[Zeiss Ikon]], and even [[Rollei]]. Some of these models were far more sophisticated and expensive than the majority of the Kodak cameras: the [[Rollei SL26]], for instance, featured interchangeable lenses (28mm, 40mm, and 80mm), [[Through-the-lens metering|TTL metering]], and a rangefinder, and retailed for $300.<ref name=PM-196902/>

A new series of Instamatics was introduced in 1970 to take advantage of the new [[Flash (photography)#Flashcubes, Magicubes, and Flipflash<!--This section is linked from GTE-->|Magicube]] flash technology. Magicubes used mechanically triggered pyrotechnic detonators for each bulb, eliminating the need to carry batteries. Instamatics with Magicube sockets were denoted by an "X" in the model number (e.g. X-15 or 55X).<ref name=PP-1988/>

===Pocket Instamatic (110 format) {{anchor|pocketcamera}}===
[[File:Jaren 80 – 2009-046-249 (9624384680).jpg|right|thumb|Kodak Pocket Instamatic 60 using [[110 film]].]]
In 1972, Kodak introduced the '''Pocket Instamatic''' series for its new 110 format.<ref name=PM-Berger-72>{{cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MdQDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA74 |title=New from Kodak: World's smallest pocket camera for under $30! |author=Berger, Ivan |date=June 1972 |magazine=Popular Mechanics |pages=74–75 |volume=137 |number=6 |publisher=The Hearst Corporation |access-date=2 March 2023}}</ref> The 110 cartridge had the same easy-load cartridge design with an integral take-up spool as the 126 format, but was much smaller, allowing the cameras to be very compact (hence the "Pocket" designation). Many cameras carry a four-character date code inside the film compartment or on the door.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://kodak.3106.net/index.php?p=211 |title=Kodak 110 Instamatic Cameras |website=Kodak Classics |access-date=4 April 2023}}</ref>

At launch in the United States, there were five models: in ascending order of sophistication, the Pocket Instamatic 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60. The top-of-the-line model was the Pocket Instamatic 60, which featured a [[stainless steel]] body, rangefinder, and automatic exposure with a four-element 26&nbsp;mm {{f/|2.7|17}} ''Ektar'' lens. Programmed autoexposure selected an appropriate combination of aperture, with shutter speeds ranging from {{frac|250}} to 10&nbsp;seconds. The 50 shared the same lens and autoexposure system, but dropped the rangefinder for scale focusing. The 40 had a much slower 25&nbsp;mm {{f/|8}} three-element lens and two-position focusing, and the 30 had an even slower 25&nbsp;mm {{f/|9.5}} fixed-focus lens; both carried a similar programmed autoexposure system. The 20 shared the same 25&nbsp;mm {{f/|9.5}} fixed-focus lens as the 30 and offered a single shutter speed of {{frac|100}} second, which automatically changed to {{frac|40}} when a flashcube was inserted.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pacificrimcamera.com/rl/02319/02319.pdf |title=Kodak Picture-Taking Equipment and Supplies Price Catalog |date=1972 |publisher=Eastman Kodak Corporation |website=Pacific Rim Camera, Reference Library |access-date=4 April 2023}}</ref> An entry-level Pocket Instamatic 10 was launched by 1973, with a fixed-focus 25&nbsp;mm {{f/|11}} lens and operation similar to the 20.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pacificrimcamera.com/rl/02433/02433.pdf |title=Kodak Picture-Taking Equipment and Supplies Price Catalog |date=1973 |publisher=Eastman Kodak Corporation |website=Pacific Rim Camera, Reference Library |access-date=4 April 2023}}</ref>

[[File:Kodak tele instamatic 608 (51888750268).jpg|thumb|left|Kodak Tele-Instamatic 608]]
By 1977, the initial lineup had been replaced by the ''Trimlite Instamatic'' and ''Tele-Instamatic'' lines for the United States. The Trimlite Instamatic 48 was a rebadged Pocket Instamatic 60, carrying the same features as the previous top-line model, and other Trimlites included the 38 (similar to the Pocket 40), 28 (Pocket 30), and 18 (Pocket 10). The Tele-Instamatics featured a sliding [[teleconverter]] switch. That line included the 708, which offered a new "multi-element" (three-element 25&nbsp;mm {{f/|5.6}} or four-element 43&nbsp;mm) lens with scale focusing and programmed autoexposure, similar to the prior Pocket 50, and the 608, which switched the single-element lens from 25&nbsp;mm to 43&nbsp;mm, both {{f/|11}}, with a fixed shutter speed similar to the prior Pocket 20; engaging the teleconverter also would switch the viewfinder.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pacificrimcamera.com/rl/02433/02433.pdf |title=Kodak Picture-Taking Equipment and Supplies Price Catalog |date=June 24, 1977 |publisher=Eastman Kodak Corporation |website=Pacific Rim Camera, Reference Library |access-date=4 April 2023}}</ref>

Kodak introduced a mass-produced [[aspheric lens]] for still photography in October 1978 with the ''Ektramax'' 110 camera.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1364/AO.24.001682 |author=Ruben, Paul L. |title=Design and use of mass-produced aspheres at Kodak |journal=Applied Optics |volume=24 |issue=11 |pages=1682–1688 |date=1985|pmid=18223774 |bibcode=1985ApOpt..24.1682R }}</ref> The lens is a four-element, 25&nbsp;mm {{f/|1.9}} design with scale focusing.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i88DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA32 |title=11 new snapshot cameras |author=Sahagian, Tom |date=January 1979 |magazine=Popular Mechanics |pages=30;32 |volume=151 |number=1 |publisher=The Hearst Corporation |access-date=4 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1978/10/27/new-cameras-faster-films-handy-books/dfa757e8-73c4-4336-ae89-b2e0cea29253/ |title=New Cameras, Faster Films, Handy Books |date=October 27, 1978 |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=4 April 2023 |quote=The Ektramax takes 110-size, 400 ASA film and has a fast shutter speed for action and a slower shutter speed and wide f/1.9 lens aperture for available-light photography. The lens, a newly designed, four-element lens incorporating one aspheric-shaped element, achieves improved quality at a high aperture with fewer lens elements, according to the manufacturer.}}</ref> Three of the elements, including the aspheric one, are molded plastic.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HgEAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA30 |title=Through the Viewfinder |author=Ortner, Everett H. |date=October 1978 |magazine=Popular Science |page=30 |volume=213 |number=4 |access-date=4 April 2023}}</ref>

Over 25 million Pocket Instamatics were produced in under three years, and the 110 format remained popular into the 1990s. However, the small negative size (13×17&nbsp;mm) limited quality when using the film emulsion of the period; in practice, most prints were small, so the poor quality was not apparent unless the prints were enlarged beyond postcard size.

===Mid-1970s to late 1980s===
[[File:Kodak Instamatic X-15 2015-11-28 penultimate roll of 126 film.jpg|thumb|right|Loading film cartridge in a Kodak X-15]]
In 1976, the Instamatic X line was updated for use with the new [[Flash (photography)#Flashcubes, Magicubes and Flipflash<!--This section is linked from GTE-->|Flipflash]] system. These cameras were designated by the addition of the suffix "F" to the model number of the corresponding Magicube model. The basic X-15F was the last Instamatic sold in the United States, remaining on sale until 1988.<ref name=PP-1988>{{cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r9C54oBQRLgC&pg=PP150 |title=Eastman Kodak marks 25 years of foolproof film loading |author=Lothrop, Eaton S. Jr. |date=January 1988 |magazine=Popular Photography |page=14 |volume=95 |number=1 |access-date=2 March 2023 |issn=0032-4582 |publisher=Diamandis Communications Inc. |location=Los Angeles, California}}</ref>

===Contemporary influence===
[[File:PhotoSession-Johnson-Instamatic.jpg|thumb|Detail of ''Photo Session'' ([[John Seward Johnson II|Johnson]], 1984)]]

In 1984, ''Photo Session'', a group of four bronze statues created by [[John Seward Johnson II|J. Seward Johnson, Jr.]], was installed in [[Queen Elizabeth Park, British Columbia|Queen Elizabeth Park]] of [[Vancouver, British Columbia]]. The statues depict three people posing in front of a mountainous backdrop, with a fourth photographing the group using an Instamatic X-35.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://miss604.com/2016/04/photo-session-statues-in-queen-elizabeth-park.html |title=Vancouver Icons: Photo Session Statues in Queen Elizabeth Park |author=Bollwitt, Rebecca |date=April 21, 2016 |website=Miss 604 |access-date=2 March 2023}}</ref> One of the three statues posing for the photograph was stolen in June 2008;<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/life-size-statue-stolen-from-vancouver-park-1.755460 |title=Life-size statue stolen from Vancouver park |date=June 20, 2008 |work=CBC News |access-date=2 March 2023}}</ref> it was recovered without damage two months later.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/police-find-life-size-bronze-statue-stolen-from-vancouver-park-1.724863 |title=Police find life-size bronze statue stolen from Vancouver park |date=August 13, 2008 |work=CBC News |access-date=2 March 2023}}</ref>

[[Hipstamatic]], an automated photograph post-processing application for mobile devices released in 2009, used an interface inspired by the Instamatic to produce similar [[toy camera]]-like images and was meant to evoke "a simpler-is-better past, an age where cheap, mass-produced plastic cameras were built to last".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://thebaffler.com/odds-and-ends/disposable-hip |title=Disposable Hip |date=March 2012 |website=The Baffler |access-date=2 March 2023}}</ref> It was named as one of the top iPhone application "award winners" by Apple in 2010.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://techcrunch.com/2010/12/09/apple-top-apps-2010/ |title=Apple's Apps Of Year: Hipstamatic, Plants Vs. Zombies, Flipboard, And Osmos |author=Siegler, MG |date=December 9, 2010 |work=TechCrunch |access-date=6 March 2023}}</ref> A few years later, the [[Instagram]] social media network included filters "designed to make digital photographs look like snapshots taken with the toy cameras of yesteryear: the Kodak Brownie, the Instamatic, the Polaroid".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/22/sunday-review/everyones-lives-in-pictures-from-instagram.html |title=Everyone's Lives, in Pictures |author=Rosenberg, Karen |date=April 21, 2012 |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=2 March 2023}}</ref> The simple, geometric physical Instamatic camera design and square image format captured on 126 film directly inspired the updated Instagram logo and aesthetic.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://debugger.medium.com/these-are-the-analog-cameras-that-inspired-instagram-867f2accd86b |title=These Are the Analog Cameras That Inspired Instagram |author=Smith, Thomas |date=February 8, 2021 |work=Medium |access-date=2 March 2023}}</ref> Like Hipstamatic, Instagram was named the "iPhone App Of The Year" by Apple in 2011.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://techcrunch.com/2011/12/08/apple-picks-instagram-as-the-iphone-app-of-the-year/ |title=Apple Picks Instagram As The 'iPhone App Of the Year' |author=Perez, Sarah |date=December 8, 2011 |work=TechCrunch |access-date=6 March 2023}}</ref> The two services were combined by ''Slate'' in 2012 as the inadvertently circular [[portmanteau]] Instamatic.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/browbeat/2012/03/05/in_defense_of_instagram_news_photography_goes_well_with_vintage_cats.html |title=In Defense of Instagram: Why News Photography Goes Well With Vintage-Filtered Cat Pics |author=Murphy, Heather |date=March 5, 2012 |website=browbeat |publisher=Slate |access-date=2 March 2023 |quote=I was there five months ago, telling friends to shut up about "Instamatic." (I assumed the app Instagram was the same as another popular photo app, Hipstamatic.)}}</ref>