Editing Instant replay (section)

=={{anchor|History of the instant replay}}History==
During a 1955 ''[[Hockey Night in Canada]]'' broadcast<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/highlights-of-an-iconic-show-a-short-history-of-hockey-night-in-canada/article15623942/|publisher=Globe and Mail|date=2013-11-26|accessdate=2022-02-06|title=Highlights of an iconic show: A short history of Hockey Night in Canada|author=Tara Deschamps}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.denverpost.com/2013/11/16/a-look-at-tvs-instant-replay-through-the-years/|publisher=Denver Post|date=2016-04-28|accessdate=2022-02-06|title=A look at TV's instant replay through the years|author=Patrick Saunders}}</ref> on [[CBC Television]], producer George Retzlaff used a "wet-film" ([[kinescope]]) replay, which aired several minutes later. [[Videotape]] was introduced in 1956 with the [[Ampex]] [[Quadruplex videotape|Quadruplex]] system. However, it could not display slow motion, instant replay, or freeze-frames, and it wasn't easy to rewind and set index points.

The end of the [[Benny Paret vs. Emile Griffith III|March 24, 1962, boxing match]] between [[Benny Paret]] and [[Emile Griffith]] was reviewed a few minutes after the bout ended, in slow motion, by Griffith and commentator [[Don Dunphy]]. In hindsight, this has been cited as the first known use of slow-motion replay in television history.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2015/sep/10/boxer-emile-griffith-gay-taunts-book-extract|title=The night boxer Emile Griffith answered gay taunts with a deadly cortege of punches|last=McRae|first=Donald|date=2015-09-10|work=The Guardian|access-date=2017-04-20|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

CBS Sports Director [[Tony Verna]] invented a system to enable the standard [[videotape machine]] to ''instantly'' replay on December 7, 1963, for the network's coverage of the US military's [[Army–Navy Game]]. The instant replay machine weighed {{convert|1200|lb}}.<ref name="Starkey">{{cite news
  |url=http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/s_168827.html
  |title=Instant Replay born 40 years ago today
  |last=Starkey
  |first=Joe
  |date=7 December 2003
  |work=Tribune-Review
  |access-date=18 January 2015
  | archive-url   = https://web.archive.org/web/20090220222425/http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/s_168827.html
  | archive-date  = 2009-02-20
  |location=Pittsburgh }}
</ref> After technical hitches, the only replay broadcast was Rollie Stichweh's touchdown. It was replayed at the original speed, with commentator [[Lindsey Nelson]] advising viewers, "Ladies and gentlemen, Army did not score again!"<ref name="Starkey"/>  The problem with older technology was finding the desired starting point; Verna's system activated audio tones as the exciting events unfolded, which technicians could hear during the rewinding process.

CBS tried out the replay from [[Analog recording|analog]] [[disk storage]] in 1965, and the [[Ampex]] HS-100, which had a 30-second capacity and [[freeze frame television|freeze frame]] capability, was commercialized in 1967.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cedmagic.com/history/instant-replay-hs-100-deck.html |title=1967: Ampex Instant Replay Disk Recorder |work=CED Magic |access-date=29 November 2009 |first=Tom |last=Howe |location=Portland, Oregon}}
</ref>

Instant replay has been credited as a primary factor in the rise of televised American football, although it was popular on television even before then. In contrast, one camera was set up to show the overall "live" action; other cameras, linked to a separate videotape machine, framed close-ups of key players. Within a few seconds of a crucial play, the videotape machine would replay the action from various close-up angles in slow motion.<ref name=Barnouw1990>Barnouw, E. (1990). Tube of plenty : the evolution of American television / Erik Barnouw. New York : Oxford University Press, 1990.</ref>

Before instant replay, it was almost impossible to portray the essence of an American football game on television. Viewers struggled to assimilate the action from a wide shot of the field on a small black-and-white television screen. However, as Erik Barnouw says in his book Tube of Plenty: The Evolution of American Television," With replay technology, brutal collisions became ballets, and end runs and forward passes became miracles of human coordination."<ref name=Barnouw1990/> Thanks largely to instant replay, televised football became evening entertainment. ABC-TV's ''[[Monday Night Football]]'' perfected it and enjoyed it by a wide audience.<ref name=Barnouw1990/>

[[Marshall McLuhan]], the noted communication theorist, famously said that any new medium contains all prior media. McLuhan gave Tony Verna's invention of instant replay as a good example. "Until the advent of the instant replay, televised football had served simply as a substitute for physically attending the game; the advent of instant replay – which is possible only with the television – marks a post-convergent moment in the medium of television."