Editing Institute for Supply Management (section)

==History==
Institute for Supply Management originated in 1915 as the ''National Association of Purchasing Agents'' (NAPA).

In the early twentieth century, the purchasing function typically did not enjoy the full support of management, which was typically indifferent to its potential. Prior to 1915, local purchasing associations had formed in at least 10 major cities in the U.S., including in [[Buffalo, New York|Buffalo]] (one of the most active groups, founded in 1904). Some purchasing officials decided to form a national group to advance their profession and share useful information among members, but support was spotty. Organizers had to overcome distrust over concerns that their participation would reveal [[trade secrets]]. As Charles A. Steele, president of NAPA stated in 1923:

: ...it had been a sort of unwritten rule that purchasers were one body of men who should not communicate with each other for fear that they might do the other fellow some good and themselves some harm.<ref>{{cite book |last=Farrell |first=Paul V.|date=1954|title=''50 Years of Purchasing: The Story of N.A.P.A''|location=New York|publisher=Shipman Medalists, National Association of Purchasing Agents|page=8}}</ref>

Elwood B. Hendricks, a salesman working for the [[Thomasnet|Thomas Publishing Company]], became the driving force behind forming a national purchasing association. In 1913, Hendricks's plan began to bear fruit when he helped form the Purchasing Agents Association of New York that became the nucleus of the national organization. The New York group applied for and received a charter  for NAPA in 1915. The first local groups to affiliate association were [[New York City]] and [[Pittsburgh]] in 1915 and [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]] in 1916. [[South Bend, Indiana|South Bend]], [[Cleveland]], [[Chicago]], [[St. Louis]], [[Philadelphia]], [[Detroit]] and [[Los Angeles]] followed in 1917. Buffalo affiliated with NAPA in 1918. By 1920 over 30 affiliates had joined and that number continued to grow. The group gave Hendricks an honorary lifetime membership.<ref>{{cite book |last=Farrell |first=Paul V.|date=1954|title=''50 Years of Purchasing: The Story of N.A.P.A''|location=New York|publisher=Shipman Medalists, National Association of Purchasing Agents|page=3}}</ref>

The goals of NAPA were to:
* Impress the business world with the importance of the purchasing function to economic well-being.
* Encourage purchasing people to improve themselves and make greater contributions to the companies they serve.<ref>{{cite book |last=Farrell |first=Paul V.|date=1991|title=''NAPM: The First 75 Years''|publisher=National Association of Purchasing Management, Inc|page=1}}</ref>

NAPA held its first convention in New York in 1916 with 100 of its 250 members in attendance. That year NAPA launched a magazine, ''The Purchasing Agent'', that was to have an immense impact on the success of the organization and eventually evolve into ''Inside Supply Management'' magazine. In 1918, approximately one thousand members were expected to attend that year's national convention.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=McGrew |first=E.L. |date=July 1918 |magazine= The Purchaser |location= New York|publisher= N.A.P.M }}</ref>

===World War I and the 1920s===
With the entry of the United States into World War I in 1917, NAPA offered its services to the war effort. Materials were in short supply and procurement had become more complicated as the U.S. government "attempted to guide economic activity via centralized price and production controls".<ref>{{cite web|title=The Economics of World War I|url=https://www.nber.org/digest/jan05/w10580.html|website=National Bureau of Economic Research|access-date=7 June 2017}}</ref> During this period NAPA members helped establish purchasing courses at New York University and Harvard. The association began developing professional standards including a code of ethics for the purchasing profession.

During World War I, NAPA called for the centralization of War Department purchasing to reduce inefficiency and graft.<ref>{{cite magazine |date= February 1918|title= Editorial  |magazine= The Purchaser |location= New York|publisher= The Purchasing Agent Company, Inc.}}</ref> The association advocated standardization in the purchase and use of coal and the prosecution of profiteers. Its crusade for ethical standards resulted in the ''Purchasing Agent’s Creed'' that observers hailed for decades as one of the outstanding moral statements in modern business.{{Cn|date=September 2024}} In 1928, it released the ''Standards for Buying and Selling'' with the recognition that buying and selling should be mutually profitable and that cooperation would reduce the cost of purchasing.

===Great Depression and World War II===
[[Harvard Business School]] published two purchasing textbooks and it developed case studies about purchasing problems, all under the auspices of NAPA. The association commissioned a two-volume work on purchasing practices and procedures.

In 1931, the association established the J. Shipman Gold Medal Award, the highest honor in the field, bestowed on an individual for exceptional performance in supply management.<ref>{{cite web|title=ISM Names Bradley Holcomb 2015 Shipman Award Winner|url=http://www.streetinsider.com/Press+Releases/ISM+Names+Bradley+Holcomb+2015+Shipman+Award+Winner/10525321.html|website=StreetInsider.com|access-date=7 June 2017}}</ref>

NAPA created its Business Survey Panel in 1931 and began polling members on commodities. The [[U.S. Chamber of Commerce]] began using these reports when compiling information for the federal government. These reports eventually evolved into the association's market-moving report now known as the [[ISM Report On Business]].

When World War II broke out, NAPA kept its members updated on government requirements and regulations concerning wartime production. As the government placed controls on producers and consumers, many of NAPA’s members played a critical role.

===N.A.P.A rebranded as NAPM===

By the 1950s, memberships reached 15,000. In the U.S., purchasing had transformed into a vital management function. In 1968, NAPA renamed itself the National Association of Purchasing Management, Inc. (NAPM).<ref>{{cite book |last=Farrell |first=Paul V.|date=1991|title=''NAPM: The First 75 Years''|publisher=National Association of Purchasing Management, Inc|page=17}}</ref>

In 1974, NAPM introduced the Certified Purchasing Manager (C.P.M) qualification, the first professional certification in the field.

In 1976 NAPM conducted its first ever onsite plant training. NAPM was became involved in minority and women's initiatives and elected May Warzocha as its first woman president in 1979.<ref>{{cite web|title=100 Years of Learning. 100 Years of Leading|url=http://www.ismmagazine-digital.com/ismmagazine/january_february_2015?pg=20#pg20|website=ismmagazine|access-date=6 June 2017|archive-date=22 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222095219/http://www.ismmagazine-digital.com/ismmagazine/january_february_2015?pg=20#pg20|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1987, it formed the Minority Business Development Group to assist members with their minority supplier programs.

The Report On Business continued to gain recognition as a reliable near-term economic barometer. In 1982, NAPM introduced the Purchasing Manager's Index (PMI) and in 1988 it added diffusion indexes and introduced a graph format. In 1989, the U.S. Department of Commerce began including NAPM's data as a component of its [[Index of Leading Indicators]] and the [[Chairman of the Federal Reserve]] praised the Report. In 1998, the association developed the Non-Manufacturing Report On Business.<ref>{{cite web|title=ISM Non-Manufacturing Index|url=http://www.investopedia.com/terms/i/ism-nonmfg.asp|website=Investopedia | access-date=7 June 2017}}</ref>

===Transformation to ISM===
Over time purchasing professionals were becoming more responsible for the larger function of supply of goods and services instead of strictly purchasing. To more accurately reflect this expanded scope, NAPM members voted in April 2001 to change the organization's name to Institute for Supply Management (ISM).

In 2002, ISM launched its sustainability and social responsibility initiative and in 2004 issued its ISM Principles of Social Responsibility, a first for the supply management profession.

In 2005, ISM partnered with the R. Gene and Nancy D. Richter Foundation to expand the R. Gene Richter Scholarship Program into the largest national scholarship program in the field of [[Supply management (procurement)|supply management]]. Together, in 2008, they established the ISM R. Gene Richter Scholarship Program Fund with a goal of funding scholarships on an ongoing basis.<ref>{{cite web|title=R. Gene and Nancy D. Richter Foundation Names Newest Trustee|url=http://www.pr.com/press-release/415324|website=PR.com | access-date=7 June 2017}}</ref>

In 2008, ISM introduced a new professional qualification the Certified Professional in Supply Management (CPSM) to replace the C.P.M.

In 2011, ISM introduced the Certified Professional in Supplier Diversity (CPSD) certification to create experts who could help guide their companies through supplier diversity issues, harness underutilized, innovative suppliers and tap new markets. That same year, ISM began its Corporate Program to help the employees of corporate members perform at a higher level.

In 2023, ISM introduced the Associate Professional in Supply Management (APSM) certification to create a pathway for students to achieve the CPSM earlier in their careers.

ISM introduced the ISM Mastery Model in 2015. Later renamed to ISM Capability Model, it covers 16 core competencies and 73 sub-competencies. The model and its assessment tool identify employee skills gaps and solutions to close them. It allows companies to benchmark team member skills and create a development roadmap and set job expectations.