Editing Insubordination (section)

==Military==
Insubordination is when a service member willfully disobeys the lawful orders of a superior [[officer]]. If a [[military officer]] disobeys the lawful orders of their [[civilian control of the military|civilian superiors]], this also counts. For example, the [[head of state]] in many countries, is also the most superior officer of the military as the [[Commander in Chief]].<ref>usmilitary.about.com. [http://usmilitary.about.com/od/punitivearticles/a/mcm90.htm Article 90—Assaulting or willfully disobeying superior commissioned officer] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304120918/http://usmilitary.about.com/od/punitivearticles/a/mcm90.htm |date=2016-03-04 }}. Accessed December 9, 2010.</ref><ref>usmilitary.about.com.[http://usmilitary.about.com/od/punitivearticles/a/mcm91.htm Article 91—Insubordinate conduct toward warrant officer, NCO, or PO] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410041909/http://usmilitary.about.com/od/punitivearticles/a/mcm91.htm |date=2016-04-10 }}. Accessed December 9, 2010.</ref><ref>usmilitary.about.com.[http://usmilitary.about.com/od/punitivearticles/a/mcm92.htm Article 92—Failure to obey order or regulation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160511115823/http://usmilitary.about.com/od/punitivearticles/a/mcm92.htm |date=2016-05-11 }}. Accessed December 9, 2010.</ref><ref>usmilitary.about.com.[http://usmilitary.about.com/od/punitivearticles/a/mcm94.htm Article 94—Mutiny and sedition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310104727/http://usmilitary.about.com/od/punitivearticles/a/mcm94.htm |date=2016-03-10 }}. Accessed December 9, 2010.</ref> Generally, however, an officer or soldier may disobey an unlawful order to the point of [[mutiny]] (see [[Nuremberg defense]]).

In the [[United States Armed Forces|U.S. military]], insubordination is covered under Article 91 of the [[Uniform Code of Military Justice]].<ref>usmilitary.about.com.[http://usmilitary.about.com/od/punitivearticles/a/mcm91.htm Article 91—Insubordinate conduct toward warrant officer, NCO, or PO] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410041909/http://usmilitary.about.com/od/punitivearticles/a/mcm91.htm |date=2016-04-10 }}. Accessed November 25, 2013.</ref> It covers disobeying lawful orders as well as disrespectful language or even striking a superior. The article for insubordination should not be confused with the article for contempt. While Article 91 of the UCMJ deals predominantly with disobeying or disrespecting a superior and applies to [[Enlisted rank#United States Armed Forces|enlisted]] members and [[Warrant officer (United States)|warrant officers]], Article 88 involves the use of [[contempt]]uous words against certain appointed or elected officials and only applies to [[Officer (armed forces)#United States|commissioned officers]].<ref>usmilitary.about.com.[http://usmilitary.about.com/od/punitivearticles/a/mcm88.htm Article 88—Contempt toward officials] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414005233/http://usmilitary.about.com/od/punitivearticles/a/mcm88.htm |date=2016-04-14 }}. Accessed December 9, 2010.</ref>

According to a 2021 typology, military disobedience can take four forms: "defiance, refinement, grudging obedience, and exit."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hundman|first=Eric|date=2021|title=The Diversity of Disobedience in Military Organizations|url=https://academic.oup.com/jogss/advance-article/doi/10.1093/jogss/ogab003/6154363|journal=Journal of Global Security Studies|volume=6|issue=4|language=en|doi=10.1093/jogss/ogab003|url-access=subscription}}</ref> A 2019 study argued that military disobedience may arise when a tension is created in the social networks of a soldier, which gives the soldier motivations and justifications to disobey orders.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hundman|first1=Eric|last2=Parkinson|first2=Sarah E.|date=2019-02-04|title=Rogues, degenerates, and heroes: Disobedience as politics in military organizations|journal=European Journal of International Relations|volume=25|issue=3|pages=645–671|language=en|doi=10.1177/1354066118823891|doi-access=free}}</ref>