Editing Integralism (section)

==Catholic integralism==
===History===
[[File:Raphael - Coronation of Charlemagne.jpg|thumb|200x200px|''The Coronation of Charlemagne'', [[fresco]] from the workshop of [[Raphael]] depicting the crowning of [[Charlemagne]] as [[Holy Roman Emperor|Imperator Romanorum]] by [[Pope Leo III]] on [[Christmas|Christmas Day]], 800.|left]]
The first polity that formally embraced Christianity was Armenia under [[Tiridates III of Armenia|Tiridates III]]. However, the establishment of the civil order upheld by integralists is generally thought of as beginning with the conversion of Roman Emperor [[Constantine I]] in 312. While Constantine personally embraced [[Christianity]], it was only in 380 that [[Theodosius I]] formally adopted [[Nicene Christianity]] as the religion of the empire by the [[Edict of Thessalonica]]. What [[R. W. Southern]] called the identification of the Church with the whole of organised society<ref name="Southern">{{cite book |last1=Southern |first1=Richard William |title=Western Society and the Church in the Middle Ages |date=1970 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-020503-9 |page=16 }}</ref> was intensified by the legal reforms of [[Justinian]] in the 6th century. The climactic stage in the identification began in the Latin West with the papal transference of [[Translatio imperii]] to Charlemagne in 800. The Constantinian age began to decline with the [[Reformation]] and is generally treated as ending with the [[French Revolution]]. In 1950, [[Pius XII]] identified the Dominican friar and prophet [[Girolamo Savonarola|Savonarola]] as an early pioneer of integralism in the face of the "neo-pagan" influences of the [[Renaissance]]: "Savonarola shows us the strong conscience of the ascetic and an apostle who has a lively sense of things divine and eternal, who takes a stand against rampant paganism, who remains faithful to the evangelical and Pauline ideal of integral Christianity, put into action in public life as well and animating all institutions. This is why he started preaching, prompted by an interior voice and inspired by God."<ref name="Pius XII">"Savonarola si rivela una forte coscienza di asceta e di apostolo che ha vivo il senso del divino e dell'eterno, che si rivolta contro il paganesimo dilagante, che resta fedele all'ideale evangelico e paolino di un Cristianesimo integrale, attuato anche nella vita pubblica e animante tutte le istituzioni. Perciò diede inizio alle sue predicazioni, spintovi da una Voce interiore e ispirato da Dio" ''L'Osservatore Romano'' 5 November 1969.</ref>

===Teachings===
Catholic integralism is an interpretation of [[Catholic social teaching]] that argues for an [[Authoritarianism|authoritarian]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Gunson |first=Phil |title=The Dictionary of Contemporary Politics of South America |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |year=2015 |isbn=9781317271352 |pages=145}}</ref> and anti-[[Pluralism (political philosophy)|pluralist]] [[Christian state|Catholic state]],<ref name=Kertzer1980/><ref name=Krogt/> wherever the preponderance of Catholics within that society makes this possible; it was born in 19th-century Portugal, Spain, France, and Italy. It was a movement that sought to assert a Catholic underpinning to all social and political action and to minimize or eliminate any competing ideological actors, such as [[secular humanism]] and [[liberalism]].<ref name=Kertzer1980>{{cite book |last1=Kertzer |first1=David I. |title=Comrades and Christians: Religions and Political Struggle in Communist Italy |date=1980 |publisher=CUP Archive |isbn=978-0-521-22879-4 |pages=101–102 }}</ref><ref name=Krogt/> Integralism arose in opposition to [[liberalism]], which some Catholics saw as a "relentless and destructive ideology".<ref name="unreasonable">{{cite journal|first1=Micah |last1=Schwartzman|first2= Jocelyn|last2= Wilson|title=The Unreasonableness of Catholic Integralism|volume=56 |journal=San Diego Law Review |pages=1039–|date=2019|url= https://digital.sandiego.edu/sdlr/vol56/iss4/10 }}</ref>{{rp|1041}} Catholic integralism does not support the creation of an autonomous "Catholic" State Church, or [[Erastianism]] ([[Gallicanism]] in French context). Rather, it supports subordinating the state to the moral principles of Catholicism. Thus, it rejects separating [[Catholic moral theology|morality]] from the state and favours Catholicism as the proclaimed religion of the state.<ref name=Krogt/>

Catholic integralism appeals to the teaching on the necessity of the subordination of the state and on the subordination of temporal to spiritual power of medieval popes such as [[Pope Gregory VII]] and [[Pope Boniface VIII]]. However, Catholic integralism as a more consciously articulated doctrine came about as a reaction against the political and cultural changes that followed the Enlightenment and the French Revolution.<ref name=Krogt/> The 19th-century papacy challenged the growth of liberalism (with its doctrine of popular sovereignty) as well as new scientific and historical methods and theories (which were thought to threaten the special status of the Christian revelation). [[Pope Pius IX]] condemned a list of liberal and Enlightenment ideas in his ''[[Syllabus of Errors]]''. The term ''integralism'' was applied to a Spanish political party founded about 1890, which based its programme on the ''Syllabus''. Catholic integralism reached its "classical" form in the reaction against [[Modernism (Roman Catholicism)|modernism]]. The term did not, however, become popular till the time of [[Pope Pius X]], whose [[papacy]] lasted from 1903 to 1914. After the papal condemnation of modernism in 1907, those most active in promoting the papal teachings were sometimes referred to as ''"integral Catholics"'' ({{langx|fr|Catholiques intégraux}}), from which the words ''intégrisme'' (integrism) and ''intégralisme'' (integralism) were derived.<ref name=Krogt/> Encouraged by [[Pope Pius X]], they sought out and exposed any co-religionist whom they suspected of modernism or liberalism. An important integralist organization was the [[Sodalitium Pianum]], known in France as ''La Sapinière'' (fir plantation), which was founded in 1909 by [[Umberto Benigni]].<ref name=Krogt/>

Another component of the anti-modernist programme of Pius X was its insistence on the importance of [[Thomas Aquinas]], both in theology and philosophy.  In his decree ''Postquam Sanctissimus'' of 1914, the pope published a list of 24 philosophical theses to summarise 'the principles and more important thoughts' of St Thomas.<ref>Postquam sanctissimus Archived 10 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Latin with English translation
See also P. Lumbreras's commentary on the 24 Thomistic Theses Archived 5 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine.</ref> Thus integralism is also understood to include a commitment to the teachings of the Angelic Doctor, understood especially as a bulwark against the subjectivist and sceptical philosophies emanating from Descartes and his successors.

===Political authority===
The idea that temporal political authority should be subordinated to man's ultimate, spiritual end is a common theme – if not the main theme – of contemporary Catholic integralism.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Waldstein|first1=Edmund|last2=O.Cist.|date=2016-10-17|title=Integralism in Three Sentences|url=https://thejosias.com/2016/10/17/integralism-in-three-sentences/|access-date=2020-09-25|website=The Josias|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=O.Cist|first=Edmund Waldstein|title=What Is Integralism Today?|url=https://churchlifejournal.nd.edu/articles/what-is-integralism-today/|access-date=2020-09-25|website=Church Life Journal|date=31 October 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=Waldstein|first1=Edmund|last2=O.Cist.|date=2015-02-03|title=The Good, the Highest Good, and the Common Good|url=https://thejosias.com/2015/02/03/the-good-the-highest-good-and-the-common-good/|access-date=2020-09-25|website=The Josias|language=en-US}}</ref>

===Revival===
Contemporary discussions of integralism were renewed in 2014, focusing on criticism of liberalism and capitalism.<ref>"On the one [[Fusionism|[fusionist]]] side one finds an older American tradition of orthodox Catholicism as it has developed in the nation since the mid-twentieth century... On the other [integralist] side is arrayed what might be characterized as a more radical Catholicism."[https://www.theamericanconservative.com/2014/02/06/a-catholic-showdown-worth-watching/ A Catholic Showdown Worth Watching] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722153335/https://www.theamericanconservative.com/2014/02/06/a-catholic-showdown-worth-watching/ |date=22 July 2019 }} Deneen, Patrick. "A Catholic Showdown Worth Watching," ''The American Conservative'', 6 Feb 2014.</ref><ref>"Mena said that some of these young traditionalists are actually more at home under Francis than John Paul II and Benedict XVI, precisely because his critique of capitalism and the whole liberal order strikes them as more sweeping than the previous two pontiffs." [https://cruxnow.com/news-analysis/2018/04/27/weird-catholic-twitter-offers-a-reminder-of-catholic-complexity/ Weird Catholic Twitter Offers a Reminder of Catholic Complexity] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416081803/https://cruxnow.com/news-analysis/2018/04/27/weird-catholic-twitter-offers-a-reminder-of-catholic-complexity/ |date=16 April 2019 }} Allen, John, Jr. ''Crux'', 27 Apr 2018.</ref>

In recent years, however, a "revived Catholic integralism" has been noted among the younger generation of Catholics writing for websites such as ''The Josias''.<ref>Douthat, Ross (8 October 2016). [https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/09/opinion/sunday/among-the-post-liberals.html Among the Post-Liberals.] ''The New York Times''. Retrieved 16 July 2017</ref> Integralism could be said to merely be the modern continuation of the traditional Catholic conception of Church–State relations elucidated by [[Pope Gelasius I]] and expounded upon throughout the centuries up to the ''Syllabus of Errors'', which condemned the idea that the separation of Church and State is a moral good.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.papalencyclicals.net/pius09/p9syll.htm|title=The Syllabus Of Errors|author=[[Pope Pius IX]]|date=1864|access-date=11 March 2021|via=papalencyclicals.net}}</ref> For example, some Catholics have praised the actions of [[Pius IX]] in the 1858 [[Mortara case]], in which he ordered the abduction of a six-year-old Jewish boy who had been baptized without his parents' consent.<ref name="unreasonable" />{{rp|1039–1041}} A systematic account of Catholic integralism as a coherent political philosophy has recently been attempted by Thomas Crean and Alan Fimister in their work, 'Integralism: a manual of political philosophy'.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.editiones-scholasticae.de/index.php?page=shop.product_details&category_id=31&flypage=flypage.tpl&product_id=455&option=com_virtuemart&Itemid=19 |title=Published by Editiones Scholasticae in 2020 |access-date=3 May 2020 |archive-date=15 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615181252/http://www.editiones-scholasticae.de/index.php?page=shop.product_details&category_id=31&flypage=flypage.tpl&product_id=455&option=com_virtuemart&Itemid=19 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Scholars have drawn parallels between Catholic integralism and a view held by a minority in the Reformed churches, [[Christian reconstructionism]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.laciviltacattolica.it/articolo/evangelical-fundamentalism-and-catholic-integralism-in-the-usa-a-surprising-ecumenism/|title=Evangelical Fundamentalism and Catholic Integralism in the USA: A surprising ecumenism |last1=Spadaro|first1=Antonio|last2=Figueroa|first2=Marcelo|year=2017|publisher=[[La Civiltà Cattolica]]|language=en|access-date=20 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.catholicnews.com/services/englishnews/2017/strip-religious-garb-fundamentalist-tones-from-us-political-power.cfm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713160520/http://www.catholicnews.com/services/englishnews/2017/strip-religious-garb-fundamentalist-tones-from-us-political-power.cfm|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 July 2017|title=Journal: Strip religious garb, fundamentalist tones from political power|last=Glatz|first=Carol|date=13 July 2017|publisher=[[Catholic News Service]]|language=en|access-date=20 July 2017}}</ref> In the ''[[National Catholic Reporter]]'', Joshua J. McElwee stated that both Catholic integralists and Reformed Christian reconstructionists have created a non-traditional [[ecumenical]] alliance to achieve the goal of establishing a "theocratic type of state".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ncronline.org/news/vatican/italian-jesuit-magazine-criticizes-political-attitudes-some-us-catholics|title=Italian Jesuit magazine criticizes political attitudes of some US Catholics |last=McElwee|first=Joshua J.|date=13 July 2017|publisher=[[National Catholic Reporter]]|language=en|access-date=20 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.commonwealmagazine.org/why-should-we-read-spadaro-%E2%80%98catholic-integralism%E2%80%99|title=Why Should We Read Spadaro on 'Catholic Integralism'?|last=Faggioli|first=Massimo|date=18 July 2017|publisher=[[Commonweal (magazine)|Commonweal]]|language=en|access-date=20 July 2017}}</ref> Some integralists place themselves on the [[Left-wing politics|left wing]] of the political spectrum. Tradistae and Tradinista, both groups acknowledge what they see as the duty of the state towards the Catholic Church as well as supporting [[Liberation Theology]] and rejecting [[capitalism]].<ref>{{cite web|title=What is Integralism?|date=9 September 2020 |url=https://tradistae.com/2020/09/09/define-integralism/|access-date=14 November 2021|publisher=Tradistae|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=A Tradinista! Manifesto|date=30 April 2020 |url=https://tradistae.com/2020/04/30/tradinista-manifesto/|access-date=14 November 2021|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Marcher Hopes to 'Follow in the Footsteps of Saints' with Pro-Life Advocacy|date=30 January 2021 |quote=Hackett drove to Washington D.C. on Thursday from Lancaster, Pennsylvania, where he lives in a Catholic worker house part of the Catholic Worker Movement. This was his sixth year attending the March for Life. The Catholic Worker Movement was founded by Peter Maurin and Dorothy Day in 1933, amid the Great Depression. According to its website, there are 187 Catholic Worker Movement communities worldwide that "live a simple lifestyle in community, serve the poor, and resist war and social injustice." Hackett is also the co-founder of the Catholic worker organization Tradistae. "Something we're really interested in as Catholic workers and part of the mission of Tradistae is, as Peter Maurin said, sort of blow the dynamite of Catholic social teaching," Hackett said. "He really believed that Catholic social teaching has this dynamism, and it can influence society." |url=https://thetablet.org/marcher-hopes-to-follow-in-the-footsteps-of-saints-with-pro-life-advocacy/|access-date=15 November 2021|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Yes, Tradinistas are left-wing radicals|url=https://catholicherald.co.uk/yes-tradinistas-are-left-wing-radicals-but-that-doesnt-make-us-any-less-catholic/|access-date=15 November 2021|language=en|work=[[Catholic Herald]]|last=Mena|first=Jose|date=10 October 2016 }}</ref>

Integralism has been identified as a basis for modern legal conceptions that emphasize natural law, including [[common good constitutionalism]]. Proposed and popularized by [[Adrian Vermeule]], common good constitutionalism was developed like integralism to "combat the legitimate societal threat of modern liberal individualism".<ref>{{cite web|url= https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4083882|author=[[Bruce Frohnen|Frohnen, Bruce P.]]|title=Common Good Constitutionalism and the Problem of Administrative Absolutism|date=14 April 2022|access-date=13 June 2022|publisher= [[Claude W. Pettit College of Law|Ohio Northern University College of Law]]|ssrn=4083882 }}</ref> Some Protestant figures, such as Brad Littlejohn, have expressed interest in integralism and contended it more closely resembles a traditionally Protestant account of politics rather than a Catholic one.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Littlejohn |first=Bradford |title=Integralism or Political Protestantism? |url=https://americanreformer.org/2022/02/ahmari-among-the-protestants/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722035030/https://americanreformer.org/2022/02/ahmari-among-the-protestants/ |archive-date=22 July 2022 |website=[[American Reformer]]|date=25 February 2022 }}</ref>